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Analysis of the efficacy of balloon eustachian tuboplasty combined with adenoidectomy in the treatment of otitis media with effusion in children GAO Xinzhong, LING Zongtong, SHEN Ling, LIU Pingfang, LIN Xin, XU Yangyang Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 7-12.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.506 Abstract （2451）      PDF（pc） （447KB）（186）       Save Objective To investigate the medium-and short-term efficacy and safety of Eustachian tube balloon dilatation combined with adenoidectomy in the treatment of secretory otitis media in children. Methods Sixty-six children with secretory otitis media and adenoid hypertrophy in our department from July 2020 to February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 35 cases were treated with Eustachian tube balloon dilatation combined with adenoidectomy as the treatment group, and 31 cases with simple adenoidectomy as the control group. The postoperative curative effect and the proportion of complications were compared between the two groups. Results The curative effects at 1 month and 3 months after the operation in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group(all P<0.05), with the best curative effect observed at 3 months after the operation in the treatment group, which was significantly better than that at 1 month post-operation(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the curative effects 6 months after the operation(P>0.05)and in intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications between the two groups(all P>0.05). Conclusion Eustachian tube balloon dilatation combined with adenoidectomy can improve the curative effect in the short term, and it is minimally invasive and safe, with no obvious complications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on diagnosis and treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma in children YANG Yang, WANG Xiaoxu, ZHANG Jie Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 1-6.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.503 Abstract （582）      PDF（pc） （701KB）（188）       Save Middle ear cholesteatoma in children has population specificity in terms of prevalence, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. Due to its gradual onset, early diagnosis and treatment have become difficult clinically. With the improvement and popularization of middle ear cholesteatoma in children, this disease is becoming of increasing interest. The application of clinical staging and the accuracy of surgical treatment have greatly improved. The long-term prognosis management of middle ear cholesteatoma in children with cleft palate, Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, and other special populations has also been given importance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of target gene panel testing in genetic diagnosis of deafness ZHANG Yanhong, LI Juanjuan, ZENG Xianhai, GOU Lingshan, WANG Zhaoxia, WEI Jianfang, MA Fang, QIU Shuqi Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 27-34.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.190 Abstract （553）      PDF（pc） （1505KB）（90）       Save Objective This study aimed to explore the application of the deafness gene panel in the genetic analysis of patients with hearing loss. Methods The combination of real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and Sanger sequencing was used to identify the 25 mutations of four common deafness genes in 40 deaf patients. Patients with heterozygous mutations, detected via deafness gene sequencing, underwent further single deafness gene sequencing or target gene panel testing. Those with negative real-time PCR results underwent target gene panel testing. The parents of the 16 patients underwent genetic analysis to identify inherited mutations. Results Among the 40 patients, there were eight patients with a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the GJB2 gene and two patients with a single heterozygous mutation, according to the deafness genetic screening. Moreover, one patient had a homozygous mutation, while two had a single heterozygous mutation in the SLC26A4 gene. The four patients with single heterozygous mutations underwent further single deafness gene sequencing or target gene panel testing. Two patients had the compound heterozygous mutation, GJB2 c.235delC/c.610delC or c.235delC/c.109G>A. Meanwhile, two patients had SLC26A4 c.919-2A>G/c.1548_1549insC. Among the 27 patients with negative real-time PCR results, there were four patients with the homozygous mutation, GJB2 c.109G>A, one patient with c.571T>C/c.G109A, one patient with MYO7A c.397dupC/c.3484A>T, one patient with MYO15A c.4779+2T>C/c.5008-2A>G, and one patient with the heterozygous mutation, ACTG1 c.118C>T, based on target gene panel testing. Additionally, there were two patients with the compound heterozygous mutations, CDH23 c.1765G>A/c.6504T>A and c.6049G>A/c.7225-1G>A, respectively. Among the 16 patients, 15 inherited the deafness genetic mutations from their parents, according to the genetic analysis. Conclusion The deafness gene panel improved the genetic diagnostic rate among deaf patients with negative results of hotspot deafness gene mutations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the treatment of congenital choanal atresia LU Xiaoyan, WEN Shuxin Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 138-142.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2020.457 Abstract （524）      PDF（pc） （427KB）（51）       Save Congenital choanal atresia(CCA)refers to the anatomical closure of the posterior nostril, which is clinically characterized by no nasal respiratory airflow. The typical manifestations of CT are thickening of the bone of the posterior vomer, pterygoid plate, and closure of the choana with bony/and or membranous plate. According to the extent of the lesion, it can be divided into bilateral atresia and unilateral atresia, and the former often needs timely treatment. Transnasal endoscopic surgery is the first choice of surgery, and its safety and effectiveness have been certified in the past decade. However, postoperative stenosis is still the most important complication. It has been controversial whether the application of traditional stent and mitomycin C is beneficial to avoid postoperative stenosis. At present, some new methods to prevent postoperative stenosis(steroid-eluting stent, and balloon dilatation, and local application of the carboxymethyl cellulose gel-sodium salt)are still emerging, Which may offer promising prospects for the treatment of choanal atresia. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances on the effect of OSAHS on pulmonary function in children YUAN Chenyang, LIU Yan, FANG Zhensheng Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 143-148.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2020.386 Abstract （497）      PDF（pc） （440KB）（75）    PDF（mobile） （440KB）（5）    Save The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children is gradually increasing. OSAHS not only affects the sleep quality of children; it also leads to the impairment of cardiopulmonary and multi-system function and affects their growth and development. The pulmonary function test, as a non-invasive examination modality, can detect the effect of OSAHS on small airways at an early stage. In this review, the author evaluated recently published literature on the relationships between pediatric OSAHS and pulmonary function and changes after treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 1 000 Hz acoustic immittance in hearing screenings of high-risk newborns NI Kun, SUN Shibing, LI Xiaoyan Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 43-47.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.378 Abstract （478）      PDF（pc） （410KB）（55）       Save Objective To explore the significance of the 1 000 Hz acoustic immittance test combined with automatic auditory brainstem response(AABR)and distortion product otoacoustic emission(DPOAE)in hearing screenings of high-risk newborns. Methods A total of 318 high-risk newborns(636 ears)were included as the research subjects. The triple hearing screening scheme of AABR + DPOAE + 1 000 Hz acoustic immittance was adopted. The newborns who failed the screening test were examined for diagnostic hearing at 3 months of age, and the sensitivity, specificity, missed diagnosis rate, false diagnosis rate, and accuracy of the triple screening results were calculated. In this study, the normal triple screening results included AABR(-)DPOAE(+)acoustic immittance(+), AABR(-)DPOAE(-)acoustic immittance(+), and AABR(-)DPOAE(-)acoustic immittance(-). The abnormal triple screening results include AABR(+)DPOAE(+)acoustic immittance(+), AABR(+)DPOAE(+)acoustic immittance(-), AABR(+)DPOAE(-), AABR(-)DPOAE(+)acoustic immittance(-), and AABR(+)DPOAE(-)acoustic immittance(-). Results A total of 318 high-risk newborns(636 ears)were included. The sensitivity of triple screening(96.77%)was higher than that of the AABR-only screening method(80.64%)and DPOAE-only screening method(83.87%), which was consistent with that of the double AABR + OAE screening method(96.77%). The specificity of triple screening(91.24%)was higher than that of AABR + OAE double screening(87.44%). Triple screening can further reduce the false-positive rate of double screening and is suitable for high-risk neonatal screening. Conclusion Triple screening has high sensitivity and a low missed diagnosis rate for hearing screening of high-risk newborns. Triple hearing examinations can be applied to hearing screening of high-risk newborns. Some false-positive infants with simple middle-ear dysfunction can be screened out in the early stage, which can alleviate parental anxiety. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of audiological and imaging characteristics of 149 children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss HU Chunyan, DANG Panhong, ZHANG Rui, FAN Mengyun Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 31-36.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.418 Abstract （474）      PDF（pc） （2241KB）（70）       Save Objective To analyze the clinical audiological data and imaging manifestations of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss(USHL)in children, and explore its etiology. Methods A total of 149 patients with USHL, aged from one month to 14 years, were analyzed retrospectively. Results 95.97% of the analyzed patients had severe or extremely severe hearing loss, namely single-sided deafness. 38.26% of the patients with USHL were detected through hearing examinations after their hearing screenings were not passed suffered from unilateral hearing loss as per the findings 20.13% children were found by perceiving unicat eral hearing loss. No obvious imaging abnormalities were found in 47 patients. Among the other 102 patients with imaging abnormalities, one had complete dysplasia(Michel malformation), one had dysplasia of the cochlea, and three had common cavity malformation. Two patients had dysplasia of the cochlea and seven patients had dysplasia of the cochlea. These included four patients with IP-Ⅰ malformation, two with IP-Ⅱ malformation, and one with IP-Ⅲ malformation. Seven patients had vestibular aqueduct enlargement, while 28 patients had bony internal auditory canal stenosis or cochlear foramina stenosis. One patient had internal auditory canal enlargement, while 46 patients had cochlear dysplasia, including 10 patients with cochlear nerve absence and 26 with cochlear nerve tenaciousness. Conclusion Most children with USHL experience severe and extremely severe deafness. The proportion of cochlear neurodysplasia and cochlear dysplasia are high in children with USHL. It is also closely related to congenital dysplasia. Therefore, routine temporal bone imaging examinations should be performed for children with USHL. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to necrotizing otitis externa:a case report and review of literature TIAN Jun, LIU Liangfa, BAI Jiaqi Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 1-5.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.174 Abstract （473）      PDF（pc） （5816KB）（189）       Save Objective To outline and analyze the clinical features and treatment option of cervical osteomyelitis secondary to necrotizing otitis externa. Methods We performed a retrospective review, along with literature review, of a case of C2-C6 osteomyelitis secondary to a necrotizing otitis externa in a diabetic patient, in order to outline its clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment option and prognosis. Results A total of five relevant studies published in Chinese and English from 2005 to 2022 were reviewed, and four cases(including the case presented in this study)were analyzed. The four cases involved three men and one woman(age range: 54-72 years). Only one patient had a history of head and neck radiotherapy, the remaining three were known diabetic patients. The lesions were extensive, involving two to five vertebral bodies. The causative pathogens isolated were all bacteria; however, the strains varied among the cases. After a systematic treatment, three patients(75%)succumbed to the disease as a result of bacterial resistance, poor compliance to medications, and severe comorbidity. Conclusion The lesions of necrotizing otitis externa can extend from the skull base to the cervical vertebrae, causing cervical osteomyelitis: a life-threatening condition that requires an aggressive treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characteristics and management of pediatric temporal bone fractures MA Ning, CHEN Min, LIU Wei, YANG Yang, SHAO Jianbo, HAO Jinsheng, LIU Bing, ZHANG Xiao, DUAN Xiaomin, ZHANG Qifeng, ZHANG Jie Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 13-19.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.436 Abstract （455）      PDF（pc） （4697KB）（37）       Save Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of temporal bone fracture in children. Methods Medical records of 477 children under 18 years old who were diagnosed with temporal bone fracture in Beijing Children's Hospital from July 2014 to July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Including age, gender, injury causes, imaging, facial nerve and audiological assessment, complications, treatment and prognosis. Results 483 sides of 477 children,6 of which were bilateral. The age range was from birth to 18 years old, the median age was 9 years old, and the male to female ratio was 3.01∶1. Traffic accidents were the main cause of injuries, accounting for 57.23%, followed by falls, accounting for 23.69%. The most common clinical symptoms are tympanema and ear hemorrhage, which usually disappear from 3 weeks to 1 month. Longitudinal fracture accounted for 52.38%, transverse fracture 35, 7.25%; 48 cases of mixed fracture, accounting for 9.93%, and 147 cases, accounting for 30.43%, which could not be classified, were presented as minor fracture lines.372 cases(77.02%)had hearing impairment. Facial nerve injury occurred in 28 cases(5.80%), including 8 cases of internal auditory canal injury. Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea(CSF)was found in 47 cases(9.73%). Tympanic membrane perforation occurred in 15 cases(3.11%). 6.35% with intracranial injury. 3.98% complicated with multiple fractures or multiple organ injuries. There were 10 cases of immediate facial paralysis, 1 case recovered well, accounting for 10.00%, and 18 cases of delayed facial paralysis, 15 cases recovered well, accounting for 83.33%. 10 cases were treated by operation, including 8 cases of tympanum exploration and ossicular chain reconstruction. Facial nerve HB Ⅴ was recovered to HB Ⅱafter decompression in 2 cases. Conclusion Temporal bone fracture in children is most common in boys, and the most common cause of injury is traffic accident. Tympanic hemorrhage, tympanic membrane perforation, cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and conductive deafness can be cured by conservative treatment. Trauma caused ossicular chain fracture or dislocation has a good prognosis by surgical treatment. Trauma caused internal auditory canal fracture can cause extremely severe sensorineural deafness and complete facial paralysis with poor prognosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A clinical observation on effect of auricle deformity type and age on outcomes of auricle correction in 1-year-old infants MA Xiaobao, LI Yue, SHEN Jiali, SUN Jin, CHEN Xiangping, YANG Jun, CHEN Jianyong Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 25-30.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.401 Abstract （452）      PDF（pc） （869KB）（51）       Save Objective To explore the influence of auricle deformity type and age at the time of correction on the outcomes in order to provide references for clinical non-surgical correction of the auricle. Methods Infants with auricle deformity diagnosed in the ENT department between September 2017 and September 2019 were selected as the subjects. They were divided into two groups based on the age within 1 year. Infants less than 42 days were in the younger group, and infants more than 42 days were in the older group. The type of auricle deformity was divided into prominent ears, cup ears, lop ears, and cryptotia. The modified visual analogue scale in non-surgical auricle correction(MVAS-NAC)was used to evaluate the outcomes. Results The outcomes of the younger group were better than those of the older group(P<0.05). The relationship between the age at correction and the outcome was generally negative(P<0.05). The difference in the duration of treatment between the younger group and the older group was not statistically significant(P>0.05). No significant difference was found in the outcome among the different type of deformity groups (P>0.05). No statistical difference was seen between parents' score and doctor's score(P>0.05). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the parents and the doctor was 0.810. The incidence of skin complications in the younger group was lower than that in the older group(P<0.05). Conclusion The age of correction is the main factor affecting the effect of correction. Infants with age above 6 months must not be recommended for auricle correction; for infants with cryptotia, the age limitation can be relaxed. MVAS-NAC can initially be used to evaluate the effect of non-invasive correction of auricle deformities in infants. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of facial nerve decompression via an external transmastoid-subtemporal labyrinth approach in eight children DANG Panhong, ZHANG Rui, HU Chunyan, WANG Jie, FAN Mengyun Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 37-42.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.405 Abstract （443）      PDF（pc） （3237KB）（45）       Save Objective To explore the curative effect of the external transmastoid-subtemporal labyrinth approach for facial nerve decompression in children with traumatic facial paralysis. Methods Eight cases of traumatic facial paralysis that were treated by facial nerve decompression with an external transmastoid-subtemporal labyrinth approach within 1 month between January 2014 and July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Some cases underwent ossicular chain reconstruction at the same time. Patients were followed up for 1 to 2 years, and the degree of hearing and facial nerve function(House-Brackmann, H-B)were assessed. Results There were seven cases of H-B grade V and one case of grade Ⅳ preoperatively, which reduced to five cases of grade I and three cases of grade Ⅱ postoperatively; Two cases had severe conductive hearing loss preoperatively, which returned to normal and mild postoperatively; One case had normal hearing preoperatively with no hearing loss postoperatively; The remaining five cases had severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss preoperatively. Conclusions Facial nerve function and hearing can be satisfactorily recovered by facial nerve decompression via an external transmastoid-subtemporal labyrinth approach within 1 month of temporal bone fracture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The correlation between arterial blood gas analysis and hearing screening results in neonates PAN Linlin, FANG Xuhua, ZHAI Feng, GUI Yiding, BIAN Zhouliang, CHEN Jie Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 20-24.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.350 Abstract （429）      PDF（pc） （543KB）（55）       Save Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between arterial blood gas and hearing screening test in neonates. Methods The results of hearing screening test and arterial blood gas analysis of 496 newborns in the Neonatal Department of Shanghai Children's Medical Center were retrospectively analyzed. Results The pass rate of automated auditory brainstem response(AABR), distortion product otoacoustic emissions(DPOAE)and acoustic immittance is 61.9%(307/496), 61.3%(304/496), 90.1%(447/496)and 56.7%(281/496)respectively. There were significant differences in the pass rates of the three hearing screening methods(χ2=131.00, P<0.001). The pass rate of AABR was in extremely strong consistency with that of DPOAE(Kappa=0.817, P<0.001), while the pass rate of both AABR and DPOAE were in very weak consistency with that of acoustic immittance(Kappa=0.262 and 0.256, respectively. all P<0.001). Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the failure of hearing screening was correlated with increased lactic acid(OR=0.544, P=0.001), increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide(OR=1.917, P=0.009)and decreased pH value(OR=1.692, P=0.021). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that failed hearing screening results were correlated with increased lactic acid(OR=0.627, P=0.018)and decreased partial oxygen pressure(OR=1.493, P=0.047). No significant correlations were found between hearing screening and the results of partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH and blood oxygen saturation(P>0.05). Conclusion Neonatal hypoxia and the accompanying change of blood gas might have an impact on hearing screening results. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on auditory risk factors and hearing screening methods among neonates PAN Linlin, KONG LingyiOverview, ZHAI Feng, CHEN JieGuidance Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (1): 131-137.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.080 Abstract （407）      PDF（pc） （477KB）（72）       Save Newborn hearing loss results in not only delayed language and speech development but also poor social, recognitional, and educational performance. Several factors have an impact on neonatal hearing. However, the pathogenesis and characteristics of the factors vary based on the type of factor contributing to hearing impairment in neonates. Non-genetic factors mainly include preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, newborn hypoxia, infection, and ototoxic medication, whereas genetic factors mainly include GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and mitochondrially encoded MT-RNR1 variation. Combined application of otoacoustic emission, automatic auditory brainstem response, and acoustic immittance test can effectively improve the accuracy of neonatal hearing impairment screening, which is helpful for early diagnosis and intervention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study of ototoxicity between kanamycin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin YANG Kun, CHEN Lijuan, HE Xiaodan, LIU Zhiqi, SHA Suhua Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 6-11.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.195 Abstract （403）      PDF（pc） （7521KB）（84）       Save Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of ototoxic injury induced by kanamycin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HPβCD)in CBA/J mice. Methods Male CBA/J mice were intraperitoneally administered kanamycin for 15 days at the optimal dosage of 700 mg/kg and were subcutaneously administered HPβCD at the optimal dosage of 8 000 mg/kg. The control group was administered 0.9 % sterile sodium chloride. Auditory brainstem response tests were performed. Cochlear preparations and diaminobenzidine staining were used for hair cell observation. Data were analyzed using the statistical software GraphPad Prism 13 for Windows. Results In the control group, at 8 kHz, 16 kHz, and 32 kHz, the thresholds were 21±2.24 dB, 21±2.24 dB, and 21±2.24 dB, respectively. After kanamycin treatment, the thresholds were 22±2.74 dB(t=0.632 5, P=0.544 7), 67± 4.47 dB(t=20.571 8, P<0.001), and 77±4.47 dB(t=25.044 0, P<0.001), respectively. After 6 hours, the thresholds in the HPβCD group were 29±4.18 dB, 30±4.47 dB, and 37±2.74 dB, respectively. After 7 hours, the thresholds were 65±3.54 dB, 71±2.24 dB, and 80±3.54 dB, and after 8 hours, the thresholds were 70±3.54 dB, 78±5.70 dB, and 85±5.00 dB, respectively. Comparison of the data revealed significant differences(F=20.590, P<0.001). Prolonging HPβCD treatment resulted in hearing loss being gradually aggravated at all frequencies. In the kanamycin group, outer hair cell(OHC)loss from the top to the base was significantly different(F=7.840, P=0.000 3), with 9.17±6.03% at 2.0 mm, 89.76±3.12% at 2.5 mm, and 100% at 4.0 mm. Inner hair cell(IHC)loss was also significantly different(F=3.549, P<0.05), with values of 0.71±0.00%, 6.79±6.01%, and 20.71±6.00% being recorded. Six hours of HPβCD treatment resulted in obvious damage to OHCs of the cochlea. Damage occurred at the apex, the middle, and the base of the basement membrane. After 7 to 8 hours, the IHCs and OHCs had practically disappeared. After 8 hours, no IHCs were found. Conclusion Kanamycin and HPβCD induced hearing loss and hair cell damage in mice. OHC damage occurred earlier than the IHC damage, with the degree of damage being dependent on the time and concentration of treatment.The difference is that Kanamycin damaged hearing at the onset of high frequencies, while HPβCD starts from full frequency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research in the field of olfactory disorders in China—An analysis based on Citespace LI Dan, CHEN Tengyu, HUANG Yanfen, ZHOU Min, ZHOU Yixing, RUAN Yan, YAN Yajie Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 40-48.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.349 Abstract （392）      PDF（pc） （3035KB）（74）       Save Objective To visually analyze and evaluate olfactory disorders in domestic research, in an attempt to provide scholars with current research trends and possible future areas of investigation in this field. Methods “Olfactory disorder” was selected as the subject term, academic papers from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)database were explored, with a time-frame from the present to October 20, 2020. Articles were screened according to the inclusion criteria, Citespace software was then used to screen for authors, journals/units and subject headings by means of graphs. Results It was found that the amount of literature published on “olfactory disorders” has increased rapidly. The top authors with the highest number of publications are Wei Yongxiang, Ni Daofeng, Liu Gang, Hang Wei, Yao Linyin, Han Demin, and Liu Jianfeng. The journals ranked 1-3 regarding “olfactory research” are: Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; and the Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery. The high-yield cooperative and influential institutions are Beijing An Zhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital et al. The subject heading cluster analysis showed 7 clusters: chronic rhinosinusitis, Parkinson's disease, Kallmann's Syndrome, rhinitis, Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19), ultrastructure and acupuncture. Conclusion In the field of olfactory disorders, early domestic authors such as Han Demin and Li Zhichun conducted in-depth research. In recent years, authors such as Wei Yongxiang and Ni Daofeng studied the detection methods, etiology, and pathogenesis of olfactory disorders. Although the core authors conducted combinations of research and inductive classifications of olfactory dysfunction in recent years, the central mediation value was less than 0.1, indicating that their relationship was a short liaison. It is recommended that should be strengthened in the service of forming an academic community with which to increase the overall influence of research findings. According to cluster analysis, the current research hotspots of “olfactory disorders” are mainly focused on: The associations between olfactory and chronic rhinosinusitis, Parkinson's disease, novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19), nasal polyps and other primary diseases, and explorations of their pathogenesis. Clinical characteristics and epidemiological investigations of different types of olfactory disorders. Explorations of the efficacy of different treatments, such as endoscopic sinus surgery and acupuncture, on olfactory disorders. It is considered that the above seven clustering research areas may continue to be important hotspots in this field. Among them, chronic rhinosinusitis has been a topic of interest from ancient times to the present, and COVID-19 will become a great source of research work in the next 5 to 10 years. Furthermore, it is possible olfactory disorders caused by COVID-19 may be related to nasal inflammation, and the correlation between them will become a target of future research on olfactory disorders. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bilateral ossification of the auricular cartilage: a case report and literature review LIU Bo, XIAO Xuping, LI Yunqiu, ZHOU En, GUO Renbin Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 12-16.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.234 Abstract （351）      PDF（pc） （4119KB）（115）       Save Objective The study aimed to explore the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnoses, and treatment methods of auricular cartilage ossification. Methods The clinical data of a patient with auricular cartilage ossification was retrospectively analyzed. A review of related literature was included for summary. Results The pathogenesis of auricular cartilage ossification is yet to be elucidated. Obvious discomfort is not a common finding; however, a few cases may present with local pain, hearing loss, and other symptoms. Computerized tomography of the temporal bone aids in diagnosis, but histopathological examination dictates the final diagnosis. Patients with no obvious symptoms may opt for temporary observation. However, surgical management is the treatment of choice if quality of life and function are affected. Conclusion Auricular cartilage ossification is relatively uncommon in clinical practice, and currently, no treatments have been developed to reverse its course. Active risk identification and early intervention are key to prevent disease progression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between sinonasal inverted papilloma and peripheral inflammatory blood markers MA Jingyuan, WU Tianyi, SUN Zhanwei, WANG Weiwei, LI Shichao, WANG Guangke Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 35-39.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.264 Abstract （336）      PDF（pc） （430KB）（48）       Save Objective To investigate the correlation between sinonasal inverted papilloma(SNIP)and peripheral inflammatory blood markers. Methods 62 patients with SNIP who received endoscopic sinus surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology of Henan People's Hospital from February 2019 to March 2021 were selected as the research objects. 62 age-and-sex-mached healthy controls were included in the study. The number of various peripheral blood cells and inflammatory blood markers such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)of the patient and control groups were compared. According to whether with malignant transformation and recurrence patients, the research groups were further divided into the SNIP group(38 cases), the recurrence group(14 cases)and the cancer group(10 cases). Multiple comparative analysis were performed on the three sets of data. Results There were statistically significant differences between the patients and controls for neutrophil(P<0.001), eosinophil counts(P<0.001), NLR(P=0.016)and PLR(P=0.005). Logistic regression analysis model showed that the increase of NLR(P<0.001), decrease of PLR(P=0.002)and increase of eosinophil counts(P=0.013)were statistically significant. Further multiple comparative analysis showed that the basophil count in the experimental group was statistically different among the three groups. There was statistically significant difference in the basophil count between SNIP and recurrence group(P=0.045), canceration and recurrence group(P=0.017). Conclusion The peripheral blood eosinophil, neutrophil counts, NLR and PLR are correlated with SNIP, and can be used as peripheral blood inflammation markers of SNIP. The increase of NLR、eosinophil counts, and decrease of PLR may be the risk factors of SNIP. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Short-term and long-term outcomes of endolymphatic sac decompression with instillation of local steroids for intractable Meniere's disease XU Jia, LI Xin, CHEN Wenjing, GAO Juanjuan, LU Xingxing, YI Haijin Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 17-21.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.272 Abstract （331）      PDF（pc） （2247KB）（51）       Save Objective To investigate the short-term and long-term effects of endolymphatic sac decompression with instillation of local steroids for intractable Meniere's disease. Methods Twenty-three patients who underwent surgery for intractable Meniere's disease were enrolled. The surgical strategy included traditional endolymphatic sac decompression, opening of the facial recess, placement of gelatin sponge around the round window, and injection of steroids into the tympanic cavity and onto the surface of the endolymphatic sac. Frequency of vertigo episodes and hearing function(pure tone averages)were compared before surgery, 6~12 months after surgery, and 18~24 months after surgery. Results Twenty-three patients completed the short-term effect evaluation at 12 months after surgery. The frequency of vertigo episodes decreased from(5.7±5.9)to(0.4±1.0)times. The vertigo control rate was 87.0%, while the hearing maintenance rate was 95.7%. Thirteen patients completed the long-term effect evaluation at 24 months after surgery. The frequency of vertigo episodes decreased from(4.2±2.6)to(0.1±0.3)times. The vertigo control rate was 92.3%, while the hearing maintenance rate was 100%. Conclusion Endolymphatic sac decompression with instillation of local steroids for the treatment of intractable Meniere's disease had favorable effects on vertigo control and the maintenance of hearing function. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the relationship between mastoid pneumatization degree and endolymphatic sac development based on a propensity score matching analysis HAN Shuhui, FAN Xintai, WANG Na, WANG Zhe, HOU Lingxiao, XU Anting Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2022, 36 (4): 22-26.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2021.369 Abstract （289）      PDF（pc） （451KB）（37）       Save Objective To explore the relationship between the degree of mastoid pneumatization and the development of the endolymphatic sac. Methods A retrospective study of 145 patients(290 ears)who underwent temporal bone CT examination from January 2019 to May 2021 in the Department of Otolaryngology. After screening, the patients were divided into the well- pneumatized and the poorly-pneumatized groups, according to the degree of mastoid pneumatization. The 1∶1 closest match was adopted. The propensity score(PS)was set at 0.02. The propensity score matching(PSM)analysis was performed on covariates based on age and otitis media. The analysis produced 58 sets of paired data. The shortest distance between the middle of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior edge of the posterior petrous surface(P-P value)was used to indirectly reflect the development of the endolymphatic sac. The shortest distance between the middle of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior edge of the posterior petrous surface(P-P value)of different degrees of pneumatization was analyzed statistically. Results The median(interquartile range)of the shortest distance between the middle of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior edge of the posterior petrous surface(P-P value)was 2.26(1.49, 3.08)mm. The difference between the degree of mastoid pneumatization and the shortest distance between the middle of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior edge of the posterior petrous surface(P-P value)was not statistically significant. That is, the degree of mastoid pneumatization was not associated with the development of the endolymphatic sac. There were no statistically significant differences in the general data processed after PSM in the two mastoid pneumatization groups. That is, the propensity score matching was effective in managing the selection deviation of non-random experimental data in clinical research. There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of mastoid pneumatization and otitis media; in the group with good mastoid pneumatization, the incidence of otitis media is lower. Conclusion There is no correlation between the degree of mastoid pneumatization and the development of the endolymphatic sac. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics