山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报  2017, Vol. 31 Issue (1): 41-44  DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2016.436
0

引用本文 

董云鹏, 许辉杰, 高瞻, 贾瑞芳, 于晖, 黄卫红, 彭好, 黄魏宁. 鼾症患者模拟打鼾与药物诱导睡眠内镜下鼾声来源部位的对比研究[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2017, 31(1): 41-44.DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2016.436.
DONG Yunpeng , XU Huijie , GAO Zhan , JIA Ruifang , YU Hui , HUANG Weihong , PENG Hao , HUANG Weining . Investigation of the consistency of sources of snoring sound induced by simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy in patients with snoring.[J]. Journal of shandong eye ent, 2017, 31(1): 41-44. DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2016.436.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金 (No. 61271410)

第一作者

董云鹏。E-mail:yunpengdong80@aliyun.com

通讯作者

许辉杰。E-mail:xhj0531@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2016-10-19
网络出版时间:2017-02-17
鼾症患者模拟打鼾与药物诱导睡眠内镜下鼾声来源部位的对比研究
董云鹏1, 许辉杰1, 高瞻1, 贾瑞芳2, 于晖2, 黄卫红1, 彭好1, 黄魏宁1     
1. 北京医院国家老年医学中心 耳鼻喉科, 北京 100730;
2. 北京医院国家老年医学中心 麻醉科, 北京 100730
收稿日期:2016-10-19;网络出版时间:2017-02-17
基金项目:国家自然科学基金 (No. 61271410)
第一作者:董云鹏。E-mail:yunpengdong80@aliyun.com
通讯作者:许辉杰。E-mail:xhj0531@163.com
摘要目的 对单纯打鼾 (SS) 及轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS) 的患者,通过鼻咽纤维喉镜观察清醒状态下模拟打鼾及药物诱导睡眠下打鼾时的鼾声来源,研究这两种检查方法判断鼾声来源部位的一致性及模拟打鼾判断鼾声来源的可靠度。 方法 经多导睡眠监测 (PSG) 诊断为单纯打鼾患者及轻度OSAHS患者共40例,依次进行清醒状态下模拟打鼾及药物诱导睡眠,通过纤维鼻咽喉镜观察患者仰卧位打鼾时咽部组织的振动情况。 结果 在模拟打鼾及药物诱导睡眠两种状态下咽部组织的振动情况有所不同。统计学McNemar检验结果显示,两种方法对软腭振动及会厌/舌根振动判断的差异无统计学意义 (P=0.774, 0.077),对咽侧壁振动判断的差异有统计学意义 (P=0.002)。两种检查对软腭及会厌/舌根振动的检出率差异无统计学意义 (P=0.770, 0.110), 药物诱导睡眠对咽侧壁振动的检出率远高于模拟打鼾 (P=0.005)。 结论 与药物诱导睡眠内镜检查相比,模拟打鼾能较好地判断软腭振动,其次为舌根/会厌,对咽侧壁振动则较难判断。
关键词睡眠呼吸暂停, 阻塞性    单纯鼾症    鼾声    药物诱导睡眠    纤维鼻咽喉镜    
Investigation of the consistency of sources of snoring sound induced by simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy in patients with snoring.
DONG Yunpeng1, XU Huijie1, GAO Zhan1, JIA Ruifang2, YU Hui2, HUANG Weihong1, PENG Hao1, HUANG Weining1     
1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China;
2. Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the consistency of the sources of snoring sound induced by simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy in simple snores (SS) and mild obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods A total of 40 cases diagnosed as either SS or mild OSAHS by polysomnography (PSG) underwent simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy successively. The vibration of soft tissue of upper airway was observed with fiberoptic laryngoscope. Results Under simulated snoring condition and drug-induced sleep endoscopy, there were different vibrations in the pharynx. The McNemar statistical results showed that there was no significant difference between simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy in determining the vibration of soft palate and epiglottis/tongue base (P=0.774, 0.077), while there was very significant difference between the two methods in determining the vibration of the lateral phaynged wall (P=0.002). Under these two conditions, there was no significant difference in the incidence rates of vibration of both soft palate and epiglottis/tongue base (P=0.770, 0.110), while the incidence rate of vibration of lateral pharyngeal wall was much higer under drug-induced sleep endoscopy than that under simulated snoring (P=0.005). Conclusion Compared with drug-induced sleep endoscopy, simulated snoring is relatively reliable in determination of soft palate vibration, slightly inferior for epiglottis/tongue base, but is unreliable in the determination of lateral pharyngeal wall vibration.
Key words: Sleep apnea, obstructive    Snoring    Snoring sound    Drug-induced sleep    Fiberoptic laryngoscope    

打鼾不仅影响他人,对于打鼾者自身健康也有危害。鼾声产生的主要机制为气流通过上气道狭窄解剖结构 (主要为咽部组织结构) 时产生振动所致[1]。明确鼾声的产生部位,有助于选择适当的治疗方式,特别是上气道无明显阻塞的单纯打鼾 (simple snoring,SS) 患者和轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS) 患者,更应在明确鼾声来源后再选择治疗方法[2]。清醒模拟打鼾 (simulated snoring,SimS)[3]与药物诱导睡眠内镜检查 (drug-induced sleep endoscopy,DISE)[4-7]是在临床上被用来确定鼾声来源部位及阻塞部位的检查方法,DISE接近正常生理睡眠状态,但其有操作繁琐,费用高等诸多缺点,难以普及使用。SimS简单易行,但并非在睡眠状态下进行,Herzog等[3]研究发现, SimS时舌根水平咽部组织塌陷程度结合舌根后向运动情况对于SDB的严重程度有一定的预示价值,在应用SimS判断鼾症患者来源的可靠程度方面则鲜有报道。我们对SS和轻度OSAHS患者40例分别在SimS和DISE下,通过纤维鼻咽喉镜观察他们睡眠过程中上气道组织的振动情况,检验SimS判断鼾声来源的可靠性,从而为鼾声来源判断方法的选择提供依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

2013年3月至2015年5月,因睡眠打鼾到我科就诊,通过多导睡眠监测 (Polysomnography,PSG) 诊断为SS (AHI<5) 或轻度OSAHS (5≤AHI<15)[8],并同意行DISE的患者共40例。其中男32例,女8例;年龄23~52岁,平均 (36.0±8.4) 岁;身体质量指数 (BMI)19.05~33.75 kg/m2,平均 (25.79±3.51) kg/m2;SS患者23例,轻度OSAHS患者17例。40例患者均没有严重的全身各系统慢性病、过敏体质、咽部手术史及近期各种急性疾病发作史,检查前均行知情同意并签字。

1.2 检查方法 1.2.1 清醒状态下SimS检查

检查方法基本同Herzog等[3]学者所描述,患者一侧鼻腔先后喷入3%麻黄素和1%丁卡因收缩和表面麻醉[9],取清醒平卧位,经鼻导入纤维鼻咽喉镜 (MCHIDA ENT-30Ⅲ,日本),先闭口用力吸气模拟打鼾,若不能引出鼾声则张口打鼾,通过纤维喉镜依次于鼻咽、口咽、下咽观察打鼾时咽部组织的振动、塌陷情况,通过相连的视频采集设备同时进行录像并保存资料。

1.2.2 DISE

根据贾瑞芳等[10-11]所描述的方法,患者仰卧位,建立静脉通道,并行持续心电、血氧及脑电双频指数监测,一侧鼻腔收缩麻醉[9]。先后经静脉予以右美托咪定及异丙酚。待患者进入睡眠状态,并出现稳定的鼾声后,通过麻醉侧鼻腔置入与摄像头相连的纤维鼻咽喉镜,依次于鼻咽、口咽、下咽观察打鼾时咽部组织的振动、塌陷情况,同时进行录像并保存资料。检查过程中适当调整异丙酚剂量,使鼾声维持在较为连续稳定的状态,同时尽可能减少阻塞性呼吸暂停的事件出现,如因频繁的呼吸暂停始终不能引出连续十次以上的鼾声则视为检查失败。整个检查持续约10 min,检查结束后患者则即唤即醒,观察1~2 h后即可离院。2例患者检查后出现血压增高及头痛等不适,随访观察5 d,症状消失,无持续不适。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 18.0软件,对SS及轻度OSAHS患者在SimS与DISE下观察到的鼾声来源部位进行计数资料McNemar检验 (配对资料卡方检验),分别计算DISE及SimS对软腭、咽侧壁、舌根/会厌振动的检出率 (振动例数/总例数) 并进行χ2检验,检验水准取α=0.05,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

鼾声出现时上气道的振动可发生于软腭、咽侧壁、会厌及舌根4个部位。软腭、咽侧壁可以单独振动也可以共同振动,舌根与会厌振动则一般伴随其它部位的振动出现。由于软腭振动幅度最为明显,其次为咽侧壁,而舌根与会厌振动通常较轻微且常相伴出现,我们将舌根与会厌这两个部位合并在一起进行统计。本研究中,比较在SimS和DISE下鼾声来源部位 (振动部位) 的情况,40例患者在DISE下全部成功诱发出打鼾,其中软腭单独振动者11例,软腭伴舌根/会厌振动者12例,软腭与咽侧壁共同振动5例,软腭伴咽侧壁伴舌根/会厌共同振动6例,咽侧壁单独振动者4例,咽侧壁伴舌根/会厌共同振动2例。SimS下软腭单独振动者17例,软腭伴舌根/会厌振动者10例,软腭与咽侧壁共同振动3例,软腭伴咽侧壁伴舌根/会厌共同振动2例,咽侧壁单独振动者0例,未诱发出打鼾者8例。软腭、咽侧壁及舌根/会厌在DISE及SimS两种检查中各自的振动情况见表 1~3

表 1 模拟打鼾与睡眠内镜检查下软腭振动的情况 (例) Table 1 The distribution of soft palate vibration in simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (n)
表 2 模拟打鼾与睡眠内镜检查下咽侧壁振动情况 (例) Table 2 The distribution of lateral pharyngeal wall vibration in simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (n)
表 3 模拟打鼾与睡眠内镜检查下舌根/会厌振动情况 (例) Table 3 The distribution of epiglottis/tongue base vibration in simulated snoring and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (n)

表 1可计算出DISE和SimS对软腭振动的检出率分别为85%(34/40) 及80% (32/40),经检验P=0.770,差异无统计学意义。

表 2可计算出DISE和SimS对咽侧壁振动的检出率分别为42.5%(17/40) 及12.5% (5/40),经检验P=0.005,差异有统计学意义。

表 3可计算出DISE和SimS对舌根/会厌振动的检出率分别为50%(20/40) 及30% (12/40),经检验P=0.110,差异无统计学意义。

3 讨论

SimS和DISE是临床评价睡眠呼吸障碍疾病鼾声来源常用的两种方法。SimS简单易行,Herzog等[3]的研究发现模拟打鼾时舌根水平咽部组织塌陷程度结合舌根后向运动情况对于睡眠呼吸障碍疾病的严重程度有一定的预示价值。DISE在过去的20多年,作为一种安全,可靠的评估上气道三维结构的检查手段,已被广泛认可接受,DISE被认为是接近生理睡眠状态的[4]。DISE可以在睡眠状态下对鼾症患者咽部组织的振动塌陷情况进行实时、直接的观察,是一种识别鼾声解剖来源的有效方法[12],为鼾症患者治疗方法的选择提供了有力的依据[13],使手术更加具有针对性,从而提高治疗有效率[14]。但该法也存在一些缺点,比如需要使用镇静药物不容易为患者接受,药物种类、剂量的差异影响诱导睡眠深度,操作复杂费用高,难以普及应用,我们在研究中还观察到了一些不良反应 (头痛、血压一过性升高等)。另外药物诱导与自然状态下睡眠的差异以及诱导睡眠深度的差异都会对鼾声产生一定影响[15-16]。相比于DISE,清醒状态下SimS是一种简便可行的方法,采用该法判断鼾声来源是否可靠,能否用该法替代DISE是我们关注的问题。以往的文献中对两种检查方法判断鼾声来源部位的比较研究较少[17]

本研究的统计学分析显示、DISE和清醒状态下SimS两种方法对软腭振动和舌根/会厌振动的判断差异无统计学意义 (P=0.774, 0.077),而对咽侧壁判断的差异有统计学意义,即两种方法对软腭振动和会厌舌根振动的判断没有本质的差别,其中对软腭振动判断的差别更小,而对咽侧壁振动的判断则具有本质的差异。另一方面,在DISE状态下观察到的软腭、舌根/会厌振动和咽侧壁的发生率均高于SimS,但只有咽侧壁振动的差异有统计学意义。而且我们进一步观察表 1~3还可发现, 经DISE观察到的34例软腭振动,有高达27例 (79%) 通过SimS亦观察到,DISE观察到的20例会厌舌根振动有8例 (40%) 经SimS观察到,而DISE观察到的17例咽侧壁振动通过SimS却只观察到4例 (24%)。这提示软腭振动最容易通过SimS引出,其次为舌根会厌振动,而咽侧壁的振动则较难通过SimS引出。如果以DISE做为相对准确的方法,则SimS可以较好地检出软腭振动,其次为舌根/振动,而检出咽侧壁振动较为困难。以上结果与软腭、舌根/会厌和咽侧壁具有不同的组织构成、解剖形态、顺应性和所处位置有关。SimS状态下咽部肌肉的张力较DISE高,因此位置最深,组织顺应性又相对低的咽侧壁较难引出振动。另外本研究中有8例 (20%) 患者在SimS下未诱发出打鼾,其中男2例,女6例。我们推测这可能与女性打鼾者咽部组织振动较男性弱,故模拟打鼾时更难引出有关,也可能与在清醒状态下检查时男女社会心理因素相关 (女性患者更为内向羞涩),从这里也可以显示出SimS的局限性。

单纯打鼾和轻度OSAHS患者经常以治疗打鼾为目的而就诊,其上气道多无明显的狭窄阻塞部位,故治疗关键在于辨认鼾声主要来源并消除或减轻其振动。在上气道振动的四个主要的组织部位中,以软腭振动幅度最大,咽侧壁次之,舌根及会厌一般只有微弱的振动[18]。故消除软腭和咽侧壁振动应为治疗重点。临床上现有的相应治疗方法,除了持续气道正压通气治疗 (CPAP) 外,多数对消除软腭振动有效,而对咽侧壁等其它组织振动针对性不强,所以鼾声来源于咽侧壁振动为主的鼾症患者手术效果很可能不满意,而术前进行鼾声来源检查的主要目的之一就是将这类患者筛出,避免无效手术。本研究结果显示,SimS检查不能有效地达到这一目的,因而难以替代DISE。我们提倡单纯和轻度OSAHS患者手术前最好行DISE。如无条件进行此检查,则最好在SimS的基础上结合其他影响鼾声来源的因素[19](如影像学) 综合判断,以提高手术有效率。同时我们也期望能简便,可靠的判断鼾声来源的新的检查方法出现。

参考文献
[1] Dalmasso F, Prota R. Snoring: analysis, measurement, clinical implications and applications[J]. The European respiratory journal, 1996, 9(1): 146–159. DOI:10.1183/09031936.96.09010146
[2] Xu HJ, Jia RF, Yu H, et al. Investigation of the Source of Snoring Sound by Drug-Induced Sleep Nasendoscopy[J]. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 2015, 77(6): 359–365. DOI:10.1159/000439597
[3] Herzog M, Metz T, Schmidt A, et al. The prognostic value of simulated snoring in awake patients with suspected sleep-disordered breathing: introduction of a new technique of examination[J]. Sleep, 2006, 29(11): 1456–1462.
[4] De Vito A, Carrasco Llatas M, Vanni A, et al. European position paper on drug-induced sedation endoscopy (DISE)[J]. Sleep & breathing=Schlaf & Atmung, 2014, 18(3): 453–465.
[5] Bachar G, Nageris B, Feinmesser R, et al. Novel grading system for quantifying upper-airway obstruction on sleep endoscopy[J]. Lung, 2012, 190(3): 313–318. DOI:10.1007/s00408-011-9367-3
[6] Cho JS, Soh S, Kim EJ, et al. Comparison of three sedation regimens for drug-induced sleep endoscopy[J]. Sleep & breathing=Schlaf & Atmung, 2015, 19(2): 711–717.
[7] Carrasco Llatas M, Agostini Porras G, Cuesta Gonzalez MT, et al. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: a two drug comparison and simultaneous polysomnography[J]. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology: Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2014, 271(1): 181–187.
[8] 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编辑委员会, 中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学分会咽喉学组.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊断和外科治疗指南[J].中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2009, 44(2):95-96.
Editorial committee of Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, Pharyngeal and laryngeal academic Group of branch of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese medical association. Guidelines of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom diagnosis and surgical treatment[J]. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 2009, 44(2):95-96.
[9] 智铁铮, 张莉, 高国风, 等. 药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和多导睡眠仪的同步检查[J]. 中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志, 2003, 5: 66–69.
ZHI Tiezheng, ZHANG Li, GAO Guofeng, et al. Clinical study of synchronized examinations of nasopharyngoscop and polysomnography during druginduced sleep[J]. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 2003, 5: 66–69.
[10] 贾瑞芳, 许辉杰, 杨明, 等. 不同剂量右美托咪定复合异丙酚用于鼾症患者药物诱导睡眠内镜检查的效果[J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2016, 36(3): 314–317.
JIA Ruifang, XU Huijie, YANG Ming, et al. Efficacy of different doses of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy in patients with snoring[J]. Chin J Anesthesiol, 2016, 36(3): 314–317.
[11] De Vito A, Agnoletti V, Berrettini S, et al. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: conventional versus target controlled infusion techniques-a randomized controlled study[J]. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology: Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2011, 268(3): 457–462.
[12] Kotecha BT, Hannan SA, Khalil HM, et al. Sleep nasendoscopy: a 10-year retrospective audit study[J]. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology: Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2007, 264(11): 1361–1367.
[13] Eichler C, Sommer JU, Stuck BA, et al. Does drug-induced sleep endoscopy change the treatment concept of patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea?[J]. Sleep & breathing=Schlaf & Atmung, 2013, 17(1): 63–68.
[14] Pilaete K, De Medts J, Delsupehe KG. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy changes snoring management plan very significantly compared to standard clinical evaluation[J]. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology: Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2014, 271(5): 1311–1319.
[15] Agrawal S, Stone P, McGuinness K, et al. Sound frequency analysis and the site of snoring in natural and induced sleep[J]. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci, 2002, 27(3): 162–166. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2002.00554.x
[16] Jones TM, Walker P, Ho MS, et al. Acoustic parameters of snoring sound to assess the effectiveness of sleep nasendoscopy in predicting surgical outcome[J]. Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery: Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2006, 135(2): 269–275. DOI:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.051
[17] Herzog M, Kellner P, Plossl S, et al. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy and simulated snoring in patients with sleep-disordered breathing: agreement of anatomic changes in the upper airway[J]. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology: Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2015, 272(9): 2541–2550.
[18] 许辉杰, 贾瑞芳, 于晖, 等. 纤维鼻咽喉镜下观察经药物诱导睡眠的鼾症患者鼾声来源[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2015, 29(3): 1–5.
XU Huijie, JIA Ruifang, YU Hui, et al. Sources of snoring sound during drug-induced sleep observed with fiberoptic laryngoscope[J]. J Otolaryngol Ophthal Shandong Univ, 2015, 29(3): 1–5.
[19] 许辉杰, 高瞻, 陈宏, 等. 鼾症患者鼾声来源影响因素的初步研究[J]. 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2016, 30(13): 1058–1062.
XU Huijie, GAO Zhan, CHENG Hong, et al. Sources of snoring sound during drug-induced sleep observed with fiberoptic laryngoscope[J]. J Clin Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 30(13): 1058–1062.