2. 广西壮族自治区人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈肿瘤科,广西 南宁 530021
2. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Oncology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
鼻内镜技术越来越多应用于鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的外科治疗,该术式的疗效在经选择的病例中不低于传统开放手术,且手术创伤小、并发症少,逐渐成为一种可选择的术式[1-7]。但现有研究缺乏被广泛接受的适应证、手术方法及疗效[7-8]。现对鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的外科手术治疗作一述评。
1 手术历史颅底解剖结构复杂,以骨性结构为主,手术空间狭小,恶性肿瘤切除难度大,周围重要结构多,难以获得足够的安全切缘,预后差。1954年,Smith等首先描述了经颅经面联合径路切除侵犯鼻颅底肿瘤及其邻近结构,该术式的优点是有较大的开放空间,可以很好地暴露并整块、彻底切除较大的鼻颅沟通肿瘤并获得足够的安全切缘,还可以利用颅骨帽状腱膜-骨膜瓣进行颅底重建。1963年,前颅底外科成为一个独立学科,颅面联合前颅底切除术 (anterior craniofacial resection, ACFR) 被认为是侵犯鼻颅底恶性肿瘤的“金标准术式”[9]。ACFR肿瘤切除方式符合肿瘤学原则,有利于进行颅底重建,其缺点为:颅面部软组织切口、遗留面部瘢痕、颅骨的装卸以及对脑组织和重要结构的牵拉、手术相关并发症和死亡率较高、术后生活质量差[9]。
1970年,Walter Messerklinger应用鼻内镜鼻窦手术 (endoscopic sinus surgery, ESS) 成功地治疗了慢性鼻-鼻窦炎,随后在全球范围内推广应用,进入了“鼻内镜手术时代”。在修复脑脊液鼻漏和切除鼻腔鼻窦良性肿瘤的治疗中取得了良好疗效,为治疗鼻颅底恶性肿瘤奠定了良好的基础,使手术范围不断扩大,超出了鼻腔鼻窦范围,向更复杂的前、中、后颅底区域扩展,成为“扩大的鼻内镜颅底手术”[10]。
2 手术时机和多学科综合治疗对鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤 (sinonassal malignancy, SNM) 疑似患者,应进行病史询问和临床检查,根据鼻内镜和影像学结果,初步判定是否为恶性肿瘤。如果影像学检查能排除血管瘤,则应取活体组织进行病理诊断,再联合肿瘤内科、肿瘤放疗、影像诊断、病理、神经外科、颌面外科等专家进行多学科病例讨论 (multidisciplinary management,MDT),共同制定治疗方案。切忌在没有病理诊断的情况下,盲目进行手术。目前国内发表的文献,均是术后再采取放疗或化疗,无文献提及术前MDT和术前设计治疗方案。
鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的治疗分为手术、放疗 (术前或术后)、诱导化疗等,手术加放疗或放化疗的综合治疗,可以提高疗效[11]。患者术前放疗与术后放疗的远期生存率近似,何时选择手术,何时选择放化疗,应该根据患者的病理、肿瘤的临床分期、周围重要结构的受累情况综合决定。通常,如果肿瘤为T1~T4a病变,属于可切除病变,肿瘤不邻近眼球、视神经、海绵窦等重要结构时,可以选择先手术后放疗。如果肿瘤邻近重要结构,或预计切除不能获得安全切缘,或肿瘤类型对化疗敏感,也可以先诱导化疗[12]或术前放疗,待肿瘤缩小后再手术,以利于保留周围重要结构[13]。因此,术前不仅要评估患者的全身情况、局部病变范围,也要评估术者的技术水平、设备状况、综合治疗条件等。
3 适应证和禁忌证对于鼻内镜鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的适应证选择,国内外尚无统一的标准。鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的切除范围可以分为4个级别:① 一级,鼻腔筛窦及鼻腔内外侧壁的切除;② 二级,扩大的鼻腔鼻窦切除,包括前颅底骨、眶尖周围组织、上颌窦后外侧壁、翼突根部、部分额窦的后壁等;③ 三级,鼻腔鼻窦颅底及脑膜切除,包括前颅底硬脑膜、翼颚窝、眶尖等;④ 四级,鼻腔鼻窦及颅内部分结构的切除,包括部分脑实质、解剖颈内动脉颅内段等。但眼眶缘骨质、额窦的前壁及外侧壁等结构在鼻内镜下切除是困难的。
经鼻鼻内镜手术 (endoscopic endonasal approach resection, EEAR) 包括根治性手术以及缓解或消除肿瘤对重要器官的堵塞压迫症状的姑息性手术。根治性手术尚缺乏普遍接受的手术适应证,但至少应具备能保证切缘的前提下彻底切除肿瘤和能在内镜下进行颅底重建两个基本条件。EEAR几乎可以到达整个腹侧颅底:① 经改良Lothrop入路到达额窦后壁;② 经筛顶或筛板进路到前颅底;③ 经翼突入路可进入颞骨岩部、Meckel‘s腔和中颅窝[14];④ 经鼻蝶入路可处理鞍区和海绵窦肿瘤;⑤ 经斜坡入路能切除鼻咽部、斜坡、齿状突肿瘤,并使最低切除范围达到鼻腭线[15];⑥ 联合经鼻和经口入路能切除颅颈交界区肿瘤;⑦ 打开上颌窦后外侧壁则能切除翼腭窝、咽旁间隙和颞下窝肿瘤[10, 16]。
肿瘤侵犯以下部位为相对的禁忌证,需进行开放性手术:① 两侧纸样板之间以外的颅底区;② 眼肌及视神经;③ 颈内动脉;④ 额窦前壁和侧壁[17];⑤ 鼻骨;⑥ 面颊部软组织[18];⑦ 硬腭;⑧ 广泛的脑膜和脑实质侵犯[19]; ⑨ 需要跨越神经和大血管等重要结构才能切除的肿瘤[20-21];⑩ 眶内肿瘤位于视神经的上、外侧;B11超过C2上部以下的颅颈交界肿瘤[22]。
随着对颅底结构认识的不断加深和鼻内镜技术的不断发展,适应证和禁忌证也会变化,EEA开始只用于切除局限于鼻腔鼻窦的肿瘤,后来逐渐超出了鼻腔鼻窦范围,能够切除侵犯翼腭窝、颞下窝、硬脑膜和部分脑实质的肿瘤[23-24]。原来被认为是手术禁区的海绵窦和颈静脉孔区,已能够利用单独内镜或内镜联合开放手术处理[25-26]。内镜下也可处理整个岩骨段颈内动脉的病变[27]。但以上适应证并不适用于所有术者,因视具体情况而定,否则不仅达不到手术目的,还可能增大术中重要器官和结构损伤的风险,可能出现更多、更严重的并发症。目前国内外尚无指南或专家共识。
4 肿瘤切除手术EEAR中获得安全的切缘至关重要,手术中一定要辨识肿瘤的根蒂,在根蒂的周围作安全切除,一定要利用冰冻切片进行切缘控制 (骨性结构除外)。Castelnuovo等[4]认为,术中获得肿瘤学安全平面非常重要,该平面应该是切除骨性结构后的软组织平面,如硬脑膜或骨膜。Carl等[7]认为,手术切除的目的由肿瘤的病理类型和范围决定。研究显示,EEAR术中应切除肿瘤和解剖安全界 (肿瘤和重要结构之间的一层正常组织,如骨质、筋膜、硬脑膜等)[29],由此获得解剖安全平面,可能提高生存率、降低局部复发的风险。解剖安全界较阴性切缘而言,似乎能更好地判断肿瘤彻底切除和预后效果。当肿瘤邻近重要结构和器官,无法彻底切除肿瘤和获得解剖安全平面时,进行术前辅助治疗是可行的。
5 肿瘤学疗效鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的疗效除与TNM分期有关外,也与病理类型有重要关系,分化好的嗅神经母细胞瘤、脊索瘤、高分化腺癌、腺样囊性癌等预后较好,恶性黑色素瘤、乳头瘤恶变、鳞状细胞癌等预后较差。限于病例数、伦理等,鼻内镜手术难以开展治疗鼻腔鼻窦前颅底恶性肿瘤的前瞻性随机对照研究。目前,对于经选择的鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤,鼻内镜下手术切除,获得了较好的生存率。
研究显示,嗅神经母细胞瘤10年生存率EEAR和ACFR分别为90%和60%,但两种手术组间存在入组偏倚,疗效难以比较[30]。对于鳞状细胞癌晚期病变 (T3-T4),开放性手术和单纯内镜手术5年生存率分别为43%~64%和61%[31-36]。腺癌对放疗敏感,世界上很多机构采用手术+术后放疗治疗模式,ACFR的3年和5年总生存率分别为72%和64%[37]。研究显示,当T分期一致时,ACFR与EEAR术后患者生存率相当[38]。
6 并发症EEAR中常见并发症是鼻出血和脑脊液鼻漏,其他的并发症可能包括脑膜炎、颅内积气、颅内出血、鼻窦炎和其他颅内感染,较开放性手术并发症少[39-40]。临床中,也不乏眼肌、视神经、脑垂体、硬脑膜等损伤的病例。较开放性手术,EEAR避免了颅面软组织切口、颅骨的装卸和脑组织的牵拉,更好地保存了正常结构,减少了手术的并发症。研究[41]显示,EEAR的并发症和死亡率分别为9%~11%和0~1%,均低于ACFR的36.3%和死亡率4.5%。研究[6, 42]显示,EEAR较ACFR患者可获得更高的生活质量,主要体现在生理功能和对情绪的影响上。
7 发展方向联合经口及其他入路的多通道手术也是鼻内镜技术的发展方向之一[43]。3D内镜和术中导航[44]、术中影像评估、模块化方法将更进一步地发展,未来会应更体现个体化治疗,手术方案不仅仅由局部病变和术者的技术水平决定,还应根据患者的个体情况,基于临床特征、病理类型,参考放化疗敏感性和预后相关的分子标志物,进行综合评价,经MDT,制定最优的个体化治疗方案。多中心、前瞻性、大样本、更长随访期的对照研究依然是努力方向,尤其应该对EEA扩大手术的病例进行密切随访,以疗效来证实其有效性和可应用性[45]。
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