2. 四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科, 四川 成都 610047;
3. 西藏自治区人民医院耳鼻咽喉科, 西藏 拉萨 850000
2. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610047, Sichuan, China;
3. Department of Otolaryngology, Peoples Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, Tibet, China
甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤,起源于滤泡或滤泡旁细胞,甲状腺结节为其主要表现[1];分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancers,DTCs)在甲状腺癌中的比例接近95%,且预后较好[2]。越来越多的证据表明系统的炎症反应与多种实体瘤的进展和复发有关[3]。肿瘤细胞在循环系统中释放细胞及化学因子从而触发炎症反应[4],表现为中性粒细胞及血小板增多、淋巴结细胞减少等[3]。研究证实中性粒细胞在肿瘤的进展、血管生成及远处转移等诸多方面与恶性肿瘤相关[5]。血小板(platelet, PLT)与肿瘤的关系有如下几个方面:通过血管生成促进原发肿瘤的生长、通过逃避免疫参与肿瘤的远处转移,阻止NK细胞介导的肿瘤细胞破坏[3]。而淋巴细胞在肿瘤的免疫中起重要作用,淋巴细胞减少及削弱的免疫功能表现同时预示着不良的肿瘤预后[6-7]。炎症与甲状腺癌的发生密切相关[8], 有研究证实患有甲状腺炎的患者其发生甲状腺癌的概率有所增加[9-10]。本文就系统炎症的血液学指标与甲状腺癌关系的研究进展做一综述。
1 中性-淋巴细胞比中性-淋巴细胞比(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是一种廉价的检测指标,在肿瘤临床日常工作中能做到随时监测NLR[11], 可以帮助鉴定高风险病人[12];因此,许多学者在研究NLR与甲状腺癌之间的关系。Seretis等[13]于2013年首次报道术前甲状腺微小乳头状癌或甲状腺癌患者的NLR显著升高,由此他们认为NLR是一种简单易行的生物指标,可以用它来检测甲状腺微小乳头状癌的发生概率[13]。Kim[14]和Kocer等[15]的研究结果与Seretis等[13]一致,但Liu等[16]的研究表明NLR只有在年龄45岁以上患者中才有意义。然而Liu[16]和Kim等[17]的研究却发现NLR无法鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性。因此,Liu等[18]对二者的关系进行了Meta分析,纳入的6项研究结果显示:DTC患者(4617例)与甲状腺良性结节患者(1666例)的NLR值没有统计学差异;两项研究以年龄45岁为界线划分年龄段(496例患者年龄<45岁,891例患者年龄>45岁)统计显示二者之间无统计学差异;由此得出结论:NLR升高并不能作为提示DTC患者病情进展的可靠指标;甲状腺癌患者年龄>45岁和<45岁的NLR没有统计学意义。Cho等[19]分析了3870例患者后认为NLR有助于鉴别甲状腺癌的分化程度,但是因为该组病例纳入的PTC患者多达3364例,而未分化癌才7例,分化差的甲状腺癌14例,故其效能尚需加大病例数进行验证。
Meta分析结果报道NLR值同样与多种恶性肿瘤的预后有关[20]。由于占比较高的PTC预后好,5年时间往往不能达到评估甲状腺癌患者预后的作用[14]。Liu等[6]指出术前患者NLR值与美国甲状腺协会制定的DTC复发风险正相关。通过15例疾病的转归, Kim等[14]报道Ⅲ~Ⅳ期且NLR值≥1.5的患者的无瘤生存率比那些NLR值< 1.5的患者差。然而,Lang等[21]认为NLR升高不能预测较差的无瘤生存率或PTC中cN0患者隐蔽的中央区淋巴结转移。笔者认为目前尚不能得出NLR在恶性肿瘤中有预后价值的观点相矛盾的结论,可能是因为PTC患者的总体预后较好,所以患者的预期NLR不高而且波动范围不大有关。因此针对NLR是否会影响DTC患者预后这一问题,还需要开展高质量、大样本及长期随访的研究。
2 血小板-淋巴细胞计数比值血小板-淋巴细胞计数比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte count ratio, PLR)近来被认为是一个前列腺癌和结肠癌的独立预后因素;同时还有研究指出PLR与乳腺癌的不良预后有关[2, 22]。Kim等[17]分析了1066例女性甲状腺乳头状癌患者后认为:在直径>1cm的患者中PLR值显著升高,且PLR升高的患者组易于发生淋巴结转移;然而,NLR、PLR与PTC的预后并无统计学差异。Yaylaci等[23]则通过分析79例病例认为:血小板分布宽度(platelet distribution width,PDW)在PTC患者组低于良性结节,据此推测PDW可能是PTC的一个标志。Sun等[24]分析了60例甲状腺未分化癌后指出:外周血PLT计数可能是作为其不良预后的参考指标,PLT计数≥300.0×109/L的患者易于发生远处转移。甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC)仅占甲状腺癌的3%~5%[25],因此针对MTC的研究文献相关较少。Jiang等[3]分析了70例患者,认为PLR,而非NLR与MTC的淋巴结转移和复发有关,PLR>105.3是淋巴结转移的危险因素,PLR>129.8是肿瘤复发的危险因素。
3 C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)CRP作为一种非特异性的系统性炎症的标志,被广泛应用于检测和监测系统性的炎症反应。多项研究证实:恶性肿瘤患者外周血CRP水平高于健康人群;同时CRP的水平可以作为判断治疗及预后指标[26]。Guo等[26]进行了一项Meta分析进一步证实水平升高的CRP与包括肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及结直肠癌等多种恶性肿瘤相关。相反,Hou等[27]分析341例PTC和171例甲状腺良性结节发现,PTC患者的CRP水平反而低于甲状腺良性结节的患者;且CRP的水平与PTC的T分期无关。Stanciu等[28]对桥本氏甲状腺炎(hashimotos thyroiditis,HT)与IL-4, IL-10、超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)的关系进行研究,通过分析(PTC 80例,PTC+HT 40例)后得出:hs-CRP与IL-4、IL-10正相关,且三者在肿瘤复发的患者中均高于没有复发的患者;因此推测hs-CRP、IL-4、IL-10可以作为一个预判肿瘤预后的指标。
4 总结外周血中反映系统性炎症指标与恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗的相关性方面成为近年研究的热点,特别是NLR。多数恶性肿瘤的患者有外周血中系统炎性指标升高的表现,且这些指标的升高往往提示不良的预后。然而DTC患者、特别是PTC患者的人群中这些指标对甲状腺结节良恶性、恶性程度、肿瘤浸润范围及分期方面的应用价值有限。尽管有部分研究认为PLR、CRP、hs-CRP在甲状腺的诊断及预后方面有阳性的价值,但是笔者对此持怀疑态度。正如开始部分研究肯定了NLR的价值,但是经过大宗病例的Meta分析后又得出了阴性的结论。当然,这并不能否认这些指标在其他恶性肿瘤的应用价值。究其原因,DTC作为预后好的肿瘤,其导致的全身性炎症范围可能更为轻微;或者当前的检验水平尚不能反映出此种改变。另外,从肿瘤和系统炎症反应的过程来推测,必然有全身到局部发生改变的联系,但是目前少有文献报道研究局部炎性指标改变与全身改变,及其与DTC诊断和鉴别诊断之间的关系。因此,NLR、PLR、CRP等的应用价值还需要进一步的考证。
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