山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报  2017, Vol. 31 Issue (1): 64-69  DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2017.036
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引用本文 

李静, 殷敏, 程雷. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者软腭平面的手术方式及其应用[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2017, 31(1): 64-69.DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2017.036.
LI Jing , YIN Min , CHENG Lei . Surgical procedures and application of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and its modified methods in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.[J]. Journal of shandong eye ent, 2017, 31(1): 64-69. DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2017.036.

第一作者

李静。E-mail:277248565@qq.com

通讯作者

殷敏。E-mail: simisodo@126.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-01-23
网络出版时间:2017-02-18
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者软腭平面的手术方式及其应用
李静1, 殷敏2, 程雷2     
1. 南京医科大学附属江宁医院耳鼻咽喉科, 江苏 南京 211100;
2. 南京医科大学第一附属医院/江苏省人民医院耳鼻咽喉科, 江苏 南京 210029
收稿日期:2017-01-23;网络出版时间:2017-02-18
第一作者:李静。E-mail:277248565@qq.com
通讯作者:殷敏。E-mail: simisodo@126.com
摘要: 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS) 患者中常见软腭平面狭窄,解除该平面狭窄最经典的手术方式是悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP)。本文以UPPP为基础,对OSAS患者软腭平面的各种手术方式及疗效进行综述。
关键词睡眠呼吸暂停,阻塞性    软腭    悬雍垂腭咽成形术    改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术    
Surgical procedures and application of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and its modified methods in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
LI Jing1, YIN Min2, CHENG Lei2     
1. Affiliated Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China;
2. The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
Abstract: The stenosis soft palate level is common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is the classic method to relieve the obstructive sites. This review mainly describes surgical procedures of UPPP and its modified methods and theirs efficacy in the treatment of OSA.
Key words: Sleep apnea, obstructive    Soft palate    Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty    Modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty    

软腭平面阻塞是导致阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (obstructive sleep apnea, OSA) 的重要原因,手术解除该平面的狭窄是治疗OSA的重要方法。1981年, Fujita等[1]首次报道了悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, UPPP),该术式已成为解除软腭狭窄,甚至是治疗OSA的最经典的术式。UPPP术后一年总有效率为40%~50%,手术并发症包括咽部不适、腭咽反流等[1-3]。为了提高手术疗效,减少并发症,许多学者在UPPP的基础上进行了改进或重新设计,有些可望更好地扩大口咽腔,有些适用于术后复发患者,而有些则倾向于保护咽功能。根据各类手术特点,将其概括为3类,即经典UPPP及其变形术式、打孔消融术式及植入悬吊术式。

1 经典UPPP

经典UPPP经典UPPP其手术要点主要包括切除双侧扁桃体、完整悬雍垂及部分软腭,缝合扁桃体窝前后柱以关闭扁桃体窝,将软腭切缘后缘向前缝合以扩大鼻咽的出口。该术式经报道后即被广泛应用于临床,大量临床研究结果提示经典UPPP的有效率为35%~53%[2-3]。并发症包括窒息、术后疼痛、咽部不适、鼻咽返流等[1-3]

2 经典UPPP的变形 2.1 腭咽成形术 (palatopharyngoplasty,PPP)

1982年,Hernandez[4]报道了PPP,较UPPP区别在于缝合腭舌弓腭咽弓时应关闭60%~70%的扁桃体窝,扁桃体窝下方应敞开以利于引流。该术式应用较为广泛,可明显减轻OSA相关症状、降低呼吸暂停低通气指数 (apnea hypopnea index, AHI),主要并发症类似于UPPP术后, 即术腔出血、鼻咽返流、咽部异物感等[4-5]

2.2 Z形腭成形术 (Z-palatoplasty,ZPP)

ZPP是基于UPPP的一种改良术式,作为已行扁桃体切除术后效果较差的OSA患者的修正手术。其要点为:作蝶形切口,上缘位于软腭游离缘至硬腭连线的中点水平,下缘位于软腭及悬雍垂的游离缘,上下缘切口向两侧延伸至软腭的外侧;切除手术区域内软腭口腔侧的黏膜及脂肪,沿中线劈开悬雍垂及软腭至上缘切口,形成2个悬雍垂软腭瓣;将腭咽弓与腭舌弓对位缝合,将两侧悬雍垂软腭瓣分别向外上方牵拉并折叠,在黏膜下层及黏膜层分别进行缝合[6]。该术式最初应用于已行扁桃体切除术的复发性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS) 患者,后又逐渐应用于扁桃体不大的OSAS患者,其手术有效率为58.3%~68.0%,并发症多为暂时性的腭咽功能不良,如咽部异物感、咽干、轻度吞咽困难等[7-8]

2.3 Z形腭咽成形术 (Z-palatopharyngoplasty,ZPPP)

ZPPP融合了扁桃体切除术、ZPP及腭咽成形术,手术对象不囿于已行扁桃体切除者。在切除软腭口腔侧黏膜暴露咽部肌肉后横断切开腭舌肌和颚咽肌,缝合扁桃体窝[9]。改良的Z-PPP在腭咽成形时不直接对位缝合腭咽弓和腭舌弓,而是将腭咽弓缝合于扁桃体窝的外侧壁,并将腭舌弓修剪至与外侧壁平齐,进一步扩大咽腔左右径[10]。该术式有效率为46.2%~60.5%,术后并发症类似于UPPP及ZPP,多为轻度、暂时性腭咽功能不良,无严重并发症[11-12]

2.4 韩氏-UPPP (H-UPPP)

H-UPPP可完整保留悬雍垂、解剖腭帆间隙切除其间的脂肪组织、扩大软腭成形范围。根据OSAS严重程度不同采取不同的软腭切除最高点位置。其中,中度OSAS的最高点位于上颌后磨牙平行向内与软硬腭中线的连线,重、轻度则分别位于上颌后磨牙与软硬腭中线的连线向上、下15°至30°[13]。H-UPPP改良术式的特点是切除部分悬雍垂并切除部分腭咽肌,切除腭咽肌的范围为软腭平面到扁桃体下级平面之间,该术式有效率为53.3%~73.08%[13-14]。H-UPPP的优点是完整保留了悬雍垂,以最大限度的减少腭咽反流等咽部并发症。部分患者出现咽干、鼻音过重、鼻咽黏膜肿胀等并发症[15]

2.5 改良扩大的UPPP术

1995年,Truy等[16]报道了改良扩大的UPPP术,在经典UPPP基础上切除双侧腭咽肌,但改良并不能取得更好的疗效。

2.6 侧咽成形术

在经典UPPP基础上, Cahali[17]提出了侧咽成形术, 在切除双侧扁桃体后,切除部分悬雍垂,离断前后弓,行Z形成形术,Z形切除范围包括扁桃体窝上部、上腭瓣及腭咽肌上部。根据Friedman分级,侧咽成形术有效率为50%~100%,平均有效率为75%[18]。术后并发症主要为轻度的鼻咽反流,术后2~3个月恢复。

2.7 软腭蹼状瓣腭咽成形术 (soft palatal webbing flap palatopharyngoplasty)

2015年Elbassiouny[19]提出了这种新术式,该术式适用于扁桃体Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度的OSAS患者,无需切除扁桃体,切除扁桃体与悬雍垂之间部分咽弓,保留后方黏膜前置缝合,切除部分悬雍垂,该术式可明显降低AHI、提高最低血氧饱和度,术后并发症主要有鼻后滴漏增多、腭咽功能不良、咽干、咽部异物感,症状较轻,可自行恢复。

3 功能保留的改良术式 3.1 切除悬雍垂肌肉保留黏膜的改良UPPP

该术式重视保留悬雍垂的生理功能,不完整切除悬雍垂,在悬雍垂根部上方0.5 cm处作一横行小切口,分离并切除部分悬雍垂肌肉 (1.0~1.5 cm), 该术式并未得到普及,其有效率为40.0%~88.9%[20-21]。该术式保留了悬雍垂黏膜以减少咽部不适等并发症,较经典UPPP,仍有咽干、咽部异物感、术腔出血等并发症,发生率无统计学差异[20]

3.2 Robinson式改良UPPP (Robinson-type modified UPPP)

该术式切除范围及方法与改良H-UPPP类似[15]。该术式切除双侧扁桃体,截短悬雍垂,作扁桃体上窝黏膜瓣,切除其内脂肪组织,离断腭咽弓上下1/3处腭咽肌,腭咽弓后方的黏膜翻转与上述黏膜瓣缝合,有效率约为61%~76%(样本量7-23)[22]

3.3 保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术 (uvula-preserving palatopharyngoplasty, UPPPP)

较经典UPPP该术式完整保留了悬雍垂,且在扁桃体窝做垂直褥式缝合以消除死腔,更可靠地牵引软腭和悬雍垂,从而扩大咽腔,有效率约为40%(20例),术后无明显并发症[23]

3.4 部分软腭肌肉切除术

(limited palatal muscle resection,LPMR) 该术式要点为双侧扁桃体切除,然后标记软腭椭圆形切口 (上缘在软硬腭交接处下方2 cm, 下缘在悬雍垂根部,两侧缘为腭舌弓在软腭处的虚拟延长线),去除术区椭圆形黏膜,分离黏膜下组织并切除部分腭帆提肌、腭舌肌及悬雍垂肌,该术式能够显著降低AHI,未见明显咽部不适等并发症[24]

3.5 保留软腭和部分悬雍垂的改良UPPP

该术式在经典UPPP基础上保留了软腭及部分悬雍垂,切除双侧扁桃体、部分腭咽弓腭舌弓以及肥厚的咽侧索,上提腭咽弓近舌根处的黏膜以减少舌后坠,有效率为56.82%(44例),鼻咽返流、开放性鼻音、咽部干燥异物感等并发症发生率明显低于经典UPPP[25]

3.6 扁桃体切除术

扁桃体肥大的OSAS患者单纯行双侧扁桃体切除可有效扩大口咽腔,缓解OSA症状、降低AHI。

4 能量辅助手术 4.1 激光辅助 4.1.1 激光辅助UPPP (laser-assisted UPPP,LAUP)

该术式二氧化碳激光设置功率15~20 W, 可在局麻下行UPPP术, 切除扁桃体及悬雍垂,仅切除软腭口腔侧黏膜,后方黏膜瓣前翻缝合,该术式出血少、术野清晰,组织温度高 (300~600 ℃),周围组织损伤大,术后疼痛明显。术后有咽干、咽部异物感、瘢痕挛缩等并发症。LAUP术后纤维瘢痕形成及唾液腺受损更为明显,短期有效率约为70%~90%[26-27]

4.1.2 激光辅助悬雍垂腭成形术 (laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, LUPP)

LUPP不同于LAUP之处在于切除扁桃体后,保留部分悬雍垂,全层切除腭帆间隙组织后缝合[28]。LUPP应用较LAUP少,短期有效率约为80%~85%[29-30]

4.2 射频辅助 4.2.1 射频辅助UPPP (radiofrequency-assisted UPPP,RAUP)

RAUP用射频进行,使用单极射频刀为能量辅助方式,设置14 W功率,组织温度约为70~85 ℃,温度较激光低,术后疼痛及咽部不适等并发症均少于LAUP[26]

4.2.2 改良RAUP (modified RAUP,MRAUP)

MRAUP在RAUP基础上,在咽弓上部切除约1.0~1.5 cm的长方形黏膜,有咽部异物感、咽干等并发症[31]

RAUP及MRAUP均是在局麻下对软腭进行的手术,不切除扁桃体,主要适用于单纯打鼾或轻度OSAS患者。射频刀已逐渐代替刀片、剪刀等冷器械,应用于OSAS患者的经典UPPP、H-UPPP、ZPPP等术式。

4.3 电烙辅助UPPP (cautery-assisted UPPP,CAUP)

CAUP手术切除范围及方式与LAUP类似,有局部感染、腭咽功能不良等并发症[32]

4.4 等离子辅助手术

等离子手术对组织热损伤小,可行扁桃体切除术、UPPP等术式,手术时间短、术中术后出血少、伤口愈合佳等[33-34]

4.5 超声刀辅助手术

超声刀温度约为50~100 ℃,周围传播距离<5 μm,安全性高、出血少,主要在UPPP及H-UPPP等手术中应用[35-38]

5 打孔消融手术

软腭部打孔消融手术主要应用于单纯打鼾患者和轻度OSAS患者,或作为重度OSAS患者同时行其他部位手术时的辅助手术方式。通常在局部麻醉下进行手术。

5.1 软腭打孔消融 5.1.1 单极射频消融术 (radiofrequency, RF)

1998年,Powell等[39]报道了RF。RF操作简便、费用低、门诊局麻即可完成,其要点是将电刀针头插入软腭中线软硬腭交界处下方约1 cm处,由黏膜层刺向肌肉层,并向悬雍垂根部方向前进约1 cm逐渐进行消融。时间约2 min,目标温度约85 ℃,然后依次在第一点左右旁开1 cm处消融,每侧时间约1 min,适用于打鼾患者,无明显并发症[40-41]

5.1.2 双极射频消融术

术前准备同RF,使用器械为双极,能量设置为16 w,每点消融时间为9 s, 根据患者软腭的大小将双极刀头插入软腭进行消融 (至少插入4个点), 有效率似于单极消融,术后疼痛轻微,无明显咽部不适等并发症[42]

5.1.3 等离子射频消融术

较单极电刀射频消融,使用能量不同,在40~70 ℃的低温状态下消融软组织,刀头插入点及方向同单极电刀,每个点消融时间10~11 s, 该术式广泛用于轻度OSAS及单纯打鼾患者,局麻下门诊可行、操作简单、出血少、疼痛轻微,患者术后睡眠质量提高、打鼾减轻、无严重并发症[43-44]

5.2 射频、等离子扁桃体打孔消融术

该术式分别沿扁桃体上、中、下极部插入刀头,插入深度约1.5~1.8 cm,每次每点消融10~15 s, 凝血10 s退出, 视扁桃体大小可分别打5~10个点, 用于单纯打鼾及轻度OSAS患者,其短期有效率约为83%,残余扁桃体可再次增生、打鼾易复发、长期疗效不显著及需要多次消融治疗[45-46]

6 其他术式 6.1 软腭植入术 (palatal implants,PI)

该术式在中线软腭硬腭交界处下方0.5 cm处插入pillar,深达悬雍垂肌后平行于悬雍垂肌走行向悬雍垂末端方向插入, 退出针头并将移植物传送至该部位, 在平行于第一根移植物两侧0.2 cm处插入第二根、第三根,适用于轻度患者,长期随访资料欠缺,有效性需考证,有移植物局部脱出、术区黏膜刺激及溃疡形成等并发症[41, 47-49]

6.2 软腭悬浮术 (palatal suspension, PS)

该术式在硬腭后缘正中行切开粘骨膜至硬腭,将下方软腭悬吊缝合至切口处,双侧扁桃体切除加PS可获与UPPP术等同疗效,操作简单,术后并发症似于UPPP[50]

6.3 硬腭截短软腭前移手术 (transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty,TPA)

该术式在硬腭画“哥特式尖拱”曲线作为切口,起源于硬腭中央,小窝的后方,经过腭大孔内侧,向外延伸向颊黏膜明显的钩状突起,翻起黏膜骨膜瓣以暴露硬腭及邻近的软腭,咬除硬腭后部边缘1~2 cm以暴露鼻中隔后端,残留硬腭后缘以斜向上腭的45°角进行钻孔至鼻腔,将腭腱膜缝合至新形成的硬腭后缘,从而使软腭前移,硬腭黏骨膜瓣复位, 修整后对位缝合[50-51]。Woodson等[52]对TPA进行了修改,上腭瓣缩小、硬腭截短范围更大、利用截骨术进行软腭前移。该术式有效率约为67.0%~68.8%,常见并发症为暂时性的鼻咽瘘、扁桃体术腔出血,有术后发生气道梗阻紧急气管切开抢救患者一例[51, 53-54]

7 小结

OSA源自上呼吸道阻塞,手术解除梗阻是最直接的治疗手段。以UPPP为代表的手术方式较多,但都是扩大咽腔,解除软腭层面的阻塞。这些手术的应用程度相差较大、样本量不等、患者个体差异大、纳入及排除标准各异、疗效评估手段及参数不统一,临床上很难用统一的客观研究评估每种手术的优劣。因此,依据阻塞平面的诊断选择恰当的术式是基本原则。OSA可导致全身多系统功能障碍,术前需充分评估手术风险及术后并发症,做好围手术期的处理。

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