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Recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and application of endoscopic surgery
Yan JIANG
Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University    2019, 33 (2): 1-11.   DOI: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.1.2019.011
Abstract   (2586 HTML45 PDF(pc) (23617KB)(626)  

Radiotherapy is the conventional treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although the 5-year survival rate has greatly improved, there are still several cases of recurrent or residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The treatment principles of recurrent or residual lesions include second-course radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. The complications following radical radiotherapy and second-course radiotherapy seriously affect the quality of life in patients. The current surgical methods include open surgery and endoscopic surgery. Open surgery can provide a sufficiently open field of operation, but is associated with some serious damage. Endoscopic nasopharyngeal carcinoma resection has been carried out lately, and only few medical institutions in China perform these operations. However, with the emergence of the concept of endoscopic skull base surgery and new medical instruments and equipment, endoscopic nasopharyngeal carcinoma surgery has become a good surgical choice. However, this requires strict surgical indications, skills of endoscopic skull-base surgery, and long-term follow-up.


Fig.1 Electromagnetic navigation map of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
A. The white arrow in the figure refers to the internal carotid artery in the foramen lacerum area; B. The free middle turbinate mucosal flap repairs the skull base.
Extracts from the Article
肿瘤体积(gross tumor volume, GTV)直接反映了肿瘤生长的状况,往往与T分期密切相关。Sze等[13]分析了有MRI资料的一组308例病例,T1、T2、T3、T4期的肿瘤平均体积分别为2.7 cm3、13.2 cm3、28.1 cm3和65.5 cm3。经过1.9年的中位随访期,GTV<15 cm3者3年无局部复发生存率为97%,而GTV>15 cm3者只有82%,故认为肿瘤体积是影响鼻咽癌局部控制的一个重要独立预后因素。He等[14]研究后发现,在局部进展期鼻咽癌中,GTV>46.4 cm3者是IMRT治疗后生存的独立不利预后因素,预后价值大于T分期。Tian等[15]回顾分析了229例IMRT后局部复发鼻咽癌的MRI图像,建议将肿瘤体积因素纳入肿瘤分期,可能会改善对鼻咽癌肿瘤的评价,并可指导复发性鼻咽癌不同危险组的治疗策略。中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科的研究发现:原发肿瘤体积每增加1 cm3,局部失败概率增加1%[1]。所以,针对一些肿瘤体积过大的鼻咽癌患者,除了依靠传统的放射治疗,是否可以尝试先行手术尽可能切除肿瘤,待减瘤后再行放射治疗,可以提出来与大家商榷,当然这需要一个长期的随访验证。
颅底手术中一般0°鼻内镜即可满足操作需要,用0.1%肾上腺素棉片充分收缩双侧鼻腔黏膜,必要时在操作区域进行1%利多卡因+肾上腺素液注射浸润麻醉,以减少术中出血。根据病变范围、尤其是纵深的浸润范围,如病变比较局限,可从患侧鼻腔单鼻孔操作;如病变范围广泛或者无法预知侵犯范围者,建议行双侧鼻腔径路、采用双人四手操作法进行[23]。即将鼻中隔后三分之一段切除,以显示整个鼻咽腔,但应注意保护好鼻中隔后段下端、蝶腭动脉鼻后中隔支的供应,以备制作带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣。将下鼻甲骨折外移,扩大鼻腔进镜空间,或者以低温等离子切除患侧中鼻甲以及下鼻甲后端黏膜及黏膜下组织,中鼻甲组织剔除骨质后留作备用鼻甲黏膜瓣。开放患侧上颌窦、后组筛窦、蝶窦,去除上颌窦内侧壁、后壁骨质,去除蝶窦前壁及底壁骨质,以电钻磨除翼突根部,显露上颌动脉及其分支蝶腭动脉、腭大动脉、腭鞘动脉以及翼管神经束,等离子电凝切断。充分显露翼腭窝、鞍底,镜下显露整个中线颅底、侧颅底。如肿瘤位于鼻咽后壁靠近中线处,切开鼻咽后壁黏膜、切除椎前筋膜直至椎前肌肉,可以到寰枢椎平面;如肿瘤侵犯蝶窦,需切除蝶窦前壁,去除蝶窦内间隔,并磨至蝶骨平台。等离子继续去除翼突内、外侧板之间的筋膜和翼内肌,磨除翼突内外侧板骨质。根据术前影像学资料,以翼突根部为枢纽,向周围进一步切除,以翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔为参考标志,翼管神经在蝶窦底走行向后外直指颈内动脉破裂孔区,即岩骨段和斜坡旁段交界处,以此为定位,向鼻咽后外侧继续切除,包括咽鼓管软骨部,切除病变直至正常切缘。有些复发鼻咽癌多沿着咽鼓管向外延伸,术中可以切除咽鼓管软骨部向外直至骨部,导航系统采集术前的影像学资料可以指导术中操作,但随着肿瘤病变的被切除,原来被肿瘤占位效应推移的重要血管神经会再移位,故需要术者结合实际情况加以甄别,如果配合超声多普勒,则可以随时探测颈内动脉的位置关系,帮助术者识别术中重要血管。对于颅底骨质磨除、硬脑膜未破损者,可以行人工组织修复,如病变已经侵蚀脑组织,需一并切除硬脑膜及受累脑组织,此时需重视颅底的修补,一般以阔肌筋膜、肌肉浆、人工硬脑膜、带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣等进行多层修复。即便硬脑膜没有显露,但暴露颈内动脉时,也需要加以保护,防止因放疗导致骨质坏死、局部感染,裸露的颈内动脉反而更容易受到破坏(图1)。
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