Table of Content

20 January 2024 Volume 38 Issue 1

  

Original Article

Hotspots of deafness gene mutation and its effect on hearing in newborns

LI Wei, ZHAO Yi, GE Yueming, FU Hongtao, WANG Jindong, ZHANG Xiaolong, DONG Jie, CHENG Yuxiang

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  1-8.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.539

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Objective To explore the hotspots of deafness gene mutation and its effect on hearing in newborns in Tangshan city. Methods The data of 5 298 newborns born in Tangshan maternal and child health care hospital were analyzed retrospectively and hearing and deafness genes were screened. Hearing was screened by otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response, and the genetic basis of newborn deafness covering 15 variants in 4 genes was screened by the gene chip. Genes included GJB2(c.35delG, c.176_191del16, c.235delC, c.299_300delA.c.109G>A), GJB3(c.GJB3538 C>T), SLC26A4(IVS7-2A>G, c.2168A>G, c.1975 G>C, c.2027 T>A,c.1226G>A, IVS15+5 G>A, c.1174A>T, c.1229C>T), and 12srRNA(m.1555A>G). Results In total, 234 patients with deafness genes were identified as the deafness gene carrier group. A total of 2 404 patients were randomly selected from 5064 without deafness genes as the non-deafness gene carrier group to analyze the mutation hotspots of the deafness genes and their effects on hearing status. The prevalence of deafness genes was 4.41%(234/5 298). The positive rates of GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3, mtDNA12SrRNA, double gene mutation, and single gene mutation were 2.49%(132/5 298), 1.34%(71/5 298), 0.28%(15/5 298), 0.19%(10/5 298), 0.09%(5/5 298), and 0.02%(1/5 298), which differed from previous reports. In primary hearing screening, the for deafness gene carrying group had a pass rate of 91.88%(215/234), a failure rate of 8.12%(19/234), and a diagnosis rate of 1.96%(3/153). In the non-carrier group, the pass rate 93.97%(2 259/2 404), the failure rate was 6.03%(145/2 404), and the diagnosis rate was 0.08%(2/2 364). The pass rate for bilateral ear, failure rate for bilateral ear, and diagnosis rate were different(P=0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion The common gene mutation for deafness in newborns in Tangshan City has a certain regional character, and carrying deafness genes is a high-risk factor of hearing impairment. The combined screening of hearing and hearing loss genes is beneficial for detecting hearing impairment.

Pedicled superficial temporal fascia flap and local skin graft combined with cartilage transplantation effectively repair cartilage scaffold exposure in auricular reconstruction

LIU Yuhong, BO Lin, LIU Xingang, SU Faren, MA Qifa

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  9-12.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.316

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Objective The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of transplantation and concealment by pedicled superficial temporal fascia flap and local skin grafting in conjunction with cartilage transplantation for the repair of exposed cartilage scaffolds following auricular reconstruction. Methods Six patients with cartilage scaffold exposure post-auricular reconstruction surgery underwent treatment. Granulation tissue and necrotic cartilage were thoroughly removed from the wound. In cases of cartilage defects, the repair involved utilizing either residual ear cartilage or autogenous costal cartilage. Subsequently, we flipped over the superficial temporal fascia flap to concealment by the exposed cartilage and employed a medium-thickness free skin graft for skin grafting. Results All surgical wounds healed through primary intention and grafts exhibited complete survival. Postoperative follow-ups ranging from 3 months to 3 years revealed a reconstructed ear with a realistic shape, distinct contour, and no recurrence of cartilage exposure or other issues. The patients expressed satisfaction with the surgical outcome. Conclusion The application of transplantation and concealment by pedicled superficial temporal fascia flap and local skin grafting for repairing cartilage scaffold exposure after auricular reconstruction yielded good results worthy of clinical recognition and application.

Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis:a Meta-analysis

ZHANG Zhen, YANG Zhuoying, ZHOU Jiani, ZHANG Dawei, CHEN Renjie

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  13-20.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.479

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Objective This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and provide evidence-based guidelines for rational drug use. Methods Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, ClinicalTrials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, Chinese Scientific Journal, and Chinese Biomedical Databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials were collected to compare ciclesonide(trial groups)with placebo(control groups)for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. All RCTs were randomized from the establishment of the databases to October 2022. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was strictly screened by two evaluators. Additionally, the quality of the included studies was assessed. The Review Manager(version 5.4)software was used for statistical analyses. Results A total of 9 studies were included in this meta-analysis. In terms of efficacy, ciclesonide reduced instantaneous total nasal symptom score(weighted mean difference ［WMD］=-0.43; 95%convidence interval ［CI; -0.63,-0.23］; P<0.01)and instantaneous single nasal score ［WMD=-0.19; 95%CI(-0.23,-0.05); P<0.01］. Ciclesonide also reduced the role of reflective total nasal symptom score ［WMD=-0.66; 95%CI(-0.80,-0.52)］; P<0.01)and reflective nasal single score ［WMD=-0.23; 95%CI(-0.26,-0.21); P<0.01］. It also reduced instantaneous ocular symptom score ［WMD=-0.19; 95%CI ［-0.22,-0.15］; P<0.01］; instantaneous ocular symptom total score ［WMD=-0.28; 95%CI(-0.56,-0.00); P=0.05］; and reflective ocular symptom total score ［WMD=-0.27; 95%CI(-0.54,-0.00); P=0.05］. Moreover, ciclesonide reduced mirrored ocular single score ［WMD=-0.17; 95%CI(-0.21,-0.14); P<0.01］ and related scores of the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life scale ［WMD=-0.61; 95%CI(-0.76,-0.47); P<0.01］. Regarding safety, the incidence of adverse events was not increased in the experimental group compared with the control group ［odds ratio=0.96; 95%CI(0.76,1.20); P=0.72］. Conclusion Ciclesonide nasal spray was effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, it did not increase the incidence of adverse events. Ciclesonide has been shown to have good safety and tolerance and the value of further clinical promotion.

Efficacy of Omalizumab in children with moderate and severe allergic asthma and chronic sinusitis

CHONG Weikun, WANG Juan

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  21-26.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.544

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Objective To investigate the efficacy of Omalizumab in the treatment of children with moderate to severe allergic asthma and chronic sinusitis. Methods The clinical data of children with moderate and severe allergic asthma and chronic sinusitis treated with Omalizumab from September 2020 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison was performed on the changes of childhood asthma control test(C-ACT), fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO), forced expiratory volume in the first second percentage to predicted value(FEV₁% pred)and small airway function, the improvement of chronic sinusitis symptoms,before and after treatment with Omalizumab. Results A total of 26 children completed treatment and follow-up. After 16 weeks of Omalizumab treatment, asthma symptoms and lung function were improved. Compared to pre-treatment, the C-ACT score increased from(15.57±3.25)score to(24.98±5.21)score(F=15.711 2, P<0.001)and FeNO decreased from(31.55±15.57)ppb to(19.86±9.80)ppb(F=4.426 5, P=0.002 2). Lung function indicators showed that FEV₁%pred and FEV₁/forced vital capacity(FEV₁/FVC)increased post-treatment, but the differences were not statistically significant(P=0.995 4, P=0.938 2). The maximal expiratory flow percentage of the predicted value, forced expiratory flow at 75% to predicted value, forced expiratory flow at 50% to predicted value all increased significantly(P=0.047 7, P=0.000 5, P<0.001). The symptoms of sinusitis were also significantly improved, and the visual analogue scale score increased from 6.40±2.98 pre-treatment to 0.85±0.40 post-treatment(t=27.241 9, P<0.001). Conclusion Omalizumab can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, lung function indicators and quality of life of children with moderate and severe allergic asthma and chronic sinusitis.

To analyze the mortality trend of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on Joinpoint regression and an age-period-cohort model

DAI Honglei, WANG Qiuyang, MA Wenxue, GUAN Bin, QI Jingjing

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  27-31.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.440

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Objective To explore the long-term development trend of nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality in China from 1990 to 2019. Methods Data obtained from the GHDx database established by the Global Burden of Disease Project was analyzed in this study. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of NPC mortality in China, and the age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality risk in China. Results Overall, from 1990 to 2019, the nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality rate in China showed a downward trend year by year. The Joinpoint regression model showed that the overall trend was divided into five segments, and the AAPC value was -2.454%. The trend of nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality in males could be divided into five segments, with an AAPC value of -1.958%. The change trend of female nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality can be divided into six segments, and the AAPC value was -3.498%. Additionally, increasing age significantly increases nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality, and the cycle effect of mortality generally shows an upward trend. Conclusion The cohort reduction effect may lead to a decrease in nasopharyngeal carcinoma mortality, while an increase in age and the cycle effect may lead to an increase in cancer mortality.

Establishment and evaluation of ovalbumin induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and preliminary analysis of Mongolian medicine tongue and urine diagnosis

WU Richaifu, SU Riguge, MENG Yongmei

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  32-38.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.182

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Objective To establish and evaluate a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis(AR)and perform Mongolian medicine tongue and urine diagnosis using this model. Methods SPF guinea pigs were randomly divided into control and model groups. To establish the AR guinea pig model, the individuals in the model group were intraperitoneally administered ovalbumin(OVA)combined with adjuvant aluminum hydroxide for basic sensitization and a nasal drip to enhance sensitization. Behavioral scoring was conducted by observing the nasal symptoms of guinea pigs; the degree of allergic reaction was determined using a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test; the level of ovalbumin specific IgE(OVA-sIgE)in the peripheral blood was determined using ELISA; the pathological morphological changes in the nasal mucosa and lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin eosin(HE)staining. The image of the tongue, as well as the skin, urine color, foam, and urine residue of the guinea pigs were observed. Results Compared with those of the control group, the behavioral scores of sneezing, nasal scratching, and runny nose in the model group guinea pigs increased significantly after the nasal drip(P<0.01); the PCA test revealed a significant increase in the diameter of redness and swelling(P<0.01)and the level of OVA-sIgE(P<0.05). HE staining of the nasal mucosa revealed cilia damage, mucosal epithelial detachment, submucosal interstitial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration; HE staining of the lung tissue showed thickening of the alveolar wall, increased secretion of tracheal mucus, and a modicum of inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with those of the control group, the tongues of guinea pigs in the model group showed redness, with obvious red spots, and a thin coating; the urine was dark yellow, with brown layers and without foam, and a light-yellow thick urine residue was observed; and the skin was of uniform shape and size or thickened. Conclusion An AR guinea pig model can be successfully established using OVA combined with adjuvant aluminum hydroxide sensitization. Macroscopic characterization and laboratory indicators are required to comprehensively evaluate the AR model. This method is feasible and can provide an experimental reference for the dialectical classification of AR models in the future through Mongolian tongue and urine diagnosis analysis.

A controlled study of visual function after implantation of AT LISA 809M bifocal and Proming A1-UV monofocal intraocular lens

WANG Daoguang, MA Yuanxiao, WANG Yucheng, REN Mengjia, CAI Keli

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  39-45.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.027

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Objective To explore the clinical effect and postoperative visual function of phacoemulsification combined with bifocal intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of senile cataracts. Methods Fifty-nine patients(118 eyes)with senile cataracts were treated by phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of intraocular lens implantation: the bifocal group and the monofocal group. Three months postoperatively, the uncorrected distant vision, near vision, and near stereopsis were recorded at random. The contrast sensitivity in different spatial frequencies(1, 2, 5, and 10 cpd)in a dark environment was measured, and the defocus curve was drawn. A subjective questionnaire(VF-14-CN scale)was conducted to count the rate of off-glasses, and whether there was glare and halo at night. Results Compared with the monofocal group, postoperative satisfaction was superior in the bifocal group in terms of the uncorrected near visual acuity, distance-corrected near visual acuity, glasses detachment rate, and near stereopsis function(all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in corrected distance visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity(P=0.164,P=0.699). When the spatial frequency was 10 cpd, the contrast sensitivity of the left and right eyes in the bifocal group was lower, and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002,P=0.037). Nocturnal halo occurred in both groups and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001). Glare discomfort was also common in both groups but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.148). Conclusion AT LISA 809M bifocal intraocular lens can help patients with senile cataracts achieve better near visual acuity, near stereopsis vision, and overall satisfaction compared with Proming A1-UV monofocal intraocular lens.

Acute sinusitis combined with orbital cellulitis and intracranial infection in a child: a case report and literature review

LU Huan, HE Benchao, LIAO Hongming

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  46-50.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.549

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Acute sinusitis is a common inflammatory reaction disease of the nasal cavity and sinus mucosa, which can extend to adjacent tissues or organs, such as the orbit and intracranial regions. Children often experience sinusitis, which is affected by anatomical and functional dysplasia of the sinuses and is prone to complications. The main complication is orbital cellulitis; however, additional intracranial complications can occur if treatment is not administered in a timely manner. When conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical treatment should be pursued. The present study retrospectively analyzed clinical data from a patient with orbital cellulitis complicated by intracranial infection caused by acute sinusitis, followed by a review of the relevant literature aimed at deepening understanding of this disease.

Laryngeal stridor as the first symptom of laryngeal tuberculosis in a child: a case report and literature review

WANG Yafang, ZHAO Haitao, WANG Juan, LIU Xiaofeng, YAN Yuyan, WEN Xin

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  51-53.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.497

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Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations, distinctive morphological features under laryngoscope, and diagnostic strategies of laryngeal tuberculosis in children. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of children diagnosed with laryngeal tuberculosis, supplemented by a comprehensive review of relevant literature. Results The study revealed that laryngeal tuberculosis in children often manifests with an insidious onset. While pulmonary and systemic symptoms are not typical, laryngeal symptoms are prominent. The definitive diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis relies on pathological examination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis test results. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy was identified as a valuable method for early detection of laryngeal tuberculosis in children. Conclusion A comprehensive understanding of the clinical features and morphological characteristics of laryngeal tuberculosis in children is crucial to prevent delays in diagnosis. Familiarity with the distinct manifestations observed through laryngoscopy can contribute to early detection and timely management of laryngeal tuberculosis in pediatric patients.

Multicentric plasma cell type Castleman disease involving multiple sites in children: a case report and literature review

CHEN Kun, LU Hui, LI Lei, ZHANG Fan, YANG Jun, HUANG Qi

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  54-58.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.329

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Objective To explore the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for multicentric Castleman disease. Methods Clinical data of a child diagnosed with multicentric Castleman disease of the plasma cell type were retrospectively analyzed, and the relevant literature was summarized. Results Multicentric Castleman disease is characterized by unclear pathogenesis and often lacks typical clinical manifestations and pathological features, making its diagnosis extremely challenging. In this case, the child received treatment with rituximab static drops, supplemented with dexamethasone, antibiotics, and gamma globulin to control the nasal infection and exudation. Following 28 days of treatment, the systemic disease subsided significantly and the blood biochemical index gradually recovered. After 13 months, the child had recovered well with no adverse effects or sequelae. Conclusion Multicentric Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disease, with rare occurrence in the nasal region. The current treatment plans mainly focus on adults, with limited reporting on children. Personalized treatment measures still need to be developed for children. Rituximab is a safe and effective treatment option for children with challenging surgical resection and unfavorable treatment outcomes.

Unilateral vocal cord paralysis as the initial manifestation of parathyroid adenoma: a case report and literature review

WANG Tingyu, LÜ Zhenghua, HAN Qianqian, SUN Zhen, ZHANG Haiyan, XU Wei

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  59-65.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.476

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Objective To investigate the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of parathyroid adenoma(PA)with unilateral vocal cord paralysis as the first symptom and to facilitate accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. Methods The clinical data of one patient with unilateral vocal cord paralysis as the initial manifestation of PA were retrospectively analyzed, along with a review and discussion of the relevant literature. Results Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury can be caused by benign parathyroid adenoma compression. However, unilateral vocal cord paralysis as the initial and only manifestation of parathyroid adenoma is rare and difficult to detect. Parathyroid adenoma located in the middle-lower region of the dorsal thyroid lobe and the inferior thyroid artery may sandwich and pinch the recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing nerve swelling and, subsequently, vocal cord paralysis. Subjective and objective voice evaluation, in combination with laryngeal electromyography before and after the operation, revealed that accurate diagnosis, timely PA resection, and decompression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve can rescue nerve function and vocal cord movement. Additionally, these interventions can revert patient parathyroid hormone and blood calcium levels to normal. Conclusion PA rarely damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve. When unilateral vocal cord paralysis is its first and only symptom, PA can be easily misdiagnosed or remain undiagnosed. In patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis, if a benign parathyroid tumor is found, the possibility of benign tumor compression and recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction should be considered, especially if the tumor is located in the middle-lower region of the dorsal thyroid lobe, where the inferior thyroid artery branches into the gland. Timely surgical resection and nerve decompression are the best choices of treatment.

Review

Central retinal artery occlusion caused by facial filling with hyaluronic acid: a case report and literature review

LI Shuting, ZHAO Hui, SI Mingwei, CUI Wenxuan, YANG Mengyao, WANG Hong

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  66-71.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.021

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Objective Through the case data of a patient with central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO)caused by hyaluronic acid filling in the nose, the study discusses the pathogenesis and treatment methods. Methods A female patient experienced a sudden loss of visual acuity with superior temporal visual obscuration in the right eye after receiving a nasal hyaluronic acid injection. After treatment at a local hospital, the patient came to our hospital for initial examination, and was treated with medication and external counterpulsation therapy. Results After 3 days of treatment, corrected visual acuity was 0.15 in the right eye; fundus examination showed enhanced optic disc edema and a decrease in the area of peripapillary white spots. Conclusion CRAO is a disease caused by central retinal artery occlusion and corresponding retinal nutrient supply deficiency. External counterpulsation has the distinction of being a non-invasive treatment(therefore avoiding the side effects of invasive treatment)and it is easy to administer and promote, and is an effective adjunctive treatment for CRAO.

Progress of research of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of presbycusis

ZHOU Yingdong, ZHANG Mengxian, WANG Qingling, KANG Haoran, GUO Xiangdong

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  72-78.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.518

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Presbycusis is a sensorineural hearing loss caused by senescence of the inner ear and auditory cortex. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the occurrence and development of presbycusis. During aging, mitochondrial damage and the release of reactive oxygen species(ROS)promote each other, leading to oxidative stress and a variety of subsequent pathophysiological processes such as an imbalance in mitochondrial quality control, ubiquitin-proteasome system disorders, and programmed cell death. Antioxidants play a role in scavenging ROS, regulating mitochondrial function and inhibiting programmed cell death, and have shown great potential in the prevention and treatment of presbycusis. This review focuses on the progress of research of oxidative stress and subsequent cellular processes in the pathogenesis of presbycusis and antioxidants in delaying presbycusis in order to provide a theoretical basis for its treatment.

Study on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis

ZHU Han, LIU Xuexia, ZHANG Hua

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  79-86.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.428

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Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved catabolic process that plays a key role in cell growth and development, innate and adaptive immunity, and programmed cell death. In recent years, autophagy has become a focus of research in the field of immunity and oncology, and there is increasing evidence that altered expression of autophagy-related genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation through the regulation of inflammatory factors, and that autophagy can be targeted for treatment. New studies have shown that autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis(AR)by regulating the activation and function of T cells and affecting respiratory epithelial fibrosis. There is no effective targeted treatment for the global allergic disease of AR. In this review, we address the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of AR, with the aim of providing new strategies for autophagy as a therapeutic target for AR.

The application of adipofascial anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of the head and neck

LI Baofei, AINIWAER·Mailudan, YANG Xin, CHEN Fei

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  87-91.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.337

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The complex defects that result from surgery for some head and neck malignancies present a challenge for surgeons. The free anterolateral thigh flap, forearm flap, and free fibular flaps are frequently used in these procedures.Recently, the free adipofascial anterolateral thigh flap has also been widely used in the reconstruction of the head and neck. This article reviews the recent literature, summarizes applied anatomical characteristics, and discusses the current applications of the adipofascial anterolateral thigh flap in various subunits of the head and neck. Indications, advantages, and disadvantages of the use of this flap are also included.

Immunomodulatory roles of tumor-derived exosomes in the microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

SONG Fei, SONG Hao, LI Yumei, MOU Yakui, SONG Xicheng

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  92-100.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.541

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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies. Tumor-derived exosomes can participate in immune cell regulation through direct interaction with cell receptors or fusion with plasma membrane in immune cells, which plays animportant role in the regulation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor-derived exosomes can not only inhibit the effects of killing immune cells on tumors, but also negatively regulate immunosuppressive cell response to promote immune escape of tumor cells, and thus regulate the process of tumorigenesis, development, and distant metastases. This review summarizes the latest research on tumor-derived exosome functions in regulating different types of immune cells in the microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Through the exploration of tumor-derived exosome regulation of the tumor microenvironment, we aim to realize new strategies of exosome drug delivery and tumor targeted therapy.

Relationship between allergic diseases and mental-psychological factors

FAN Chang'e, ZHANG Junjing, WANG Hongtian, MA Tingting, WANG Xueyan

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  101-105.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.391

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Allergic diseases are a major class of diseases mediated by immunoglobulin E, affecting about 20% of the global population. Parallel to the increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases is the increase in various social and psychological pressures. The placebo and nocebo effects of allergic diseases suggest that psychosocial factors are closely related to allergic diseases. Psychological intervention and treatment cannot be ignored. Clinicians must follow the new medical model of biology psychology society, break the vicious cycle of mental psychology and allergic diseases in a timely manner, and improve the treatment efficiency of allergic diseases.The paper reviews the interrelationships between allergic diseases and psychological problems. This article reviews the relationship between allergic diseases and psychosocial problems in order to provide guidance for clinical practice.

Therapeutic role of statins in allergic diseases

DONG Lin, WEN Silu, DENG Yuqin, TAO Zezhang

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  106-114.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.410

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Allergic diseases are a common group of chronic conditions with continuously increasing prevalence. These diseases adversely affect the quality of life of patients. The research and development of new drugs with effective treatment and reasonable price need to continue. In recent years, in addition to lowering blood lipid levels, statins have pleiotropic properties and exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. A series of animal experiments and clinical trials have confirmed the therapeutic effects of statins against allergic inflammation. Their specific mechanism of action and clinical effects in allergic diseases are the focus of current research, which is of great significance for the clinical application of them. In this article, the research progress of clinical intervention of statins in the treatment of allergic diseases is introduced, and the research progress of the therapeutic mechanism of statins in allergic diseases is reviewed.

Progress of corneal collagen cross-linking for the treatment of thin keratoconic corneas

ZHOU Yuhong, DENG Yingping

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  115-121.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.507

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Corneal collagen cross-linking can effectively prevent or delay the progression of keratoconus by increasing corneal stiffness and biomechanical stability. To avoid irreversible damage to corneal endothelial cells and intraocular tissues caused by ultraviolet radiation, the standard protocol requires that the thinnest cornea stroma must have a minimal thickness of 400 μm, which excludes the thin keratoconic corneas. In order to break this limitation, plentiful scholars have being ameliorated the standard protocol. So, this article reviews and summarizes the modified corneal collagen cross-linking protocols for thin keratoconic corneas.

Advances in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 study about ophthalmology

DING Xiaomin, CUI Yan

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  122-127.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.515

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Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an acute infectious pneumonia caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). Previous reports have suggested that patients with COVID-19 may also exhibit ocular symptoms, and some ophthalmic adverse events have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. Based on the recent literature and existing studies, this study aims to discuss the possibility of ophthalmic infections due to SARS-CoV-2, the ocular signs, treatments and possible ocular adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination, and provide references to the ophthalmologists for prevention and control.

Research progress on retinal vein occlusion in young people

LIU Tianwei, ZHAO Bojun

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  128-137.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.535

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Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is a common blinding retinal vascular disease, which is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly; however, the general impact of visual impairment in young people with RVO induces greater social hazards and is often accompanied by systemic diseases. We systematically reviewed the differences between younger and older RVO patients in terms of pathogenesis, risk factors(systemic and ocular), clinical features and imaging manifestations, treatment modalities, and prognosis, aiming to provide individualized management for young RVO patients.

Application of optical coherence tomography in idiopathic epiretinal membrane

LIU Jiangchuan, LI Pengwei, GUO Jianqiang, LU Huiqin

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2024, 38(1):  138-142.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.531

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Idiopathic epiretinal membrane(iERM)is a medically unexplained ophthalmic disease that can cause a decline in vision quality due to complex and diverse changes in the retina through continuous vitreomacular traction. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)can clearly display the characteristic changes to the retina caused by iERM. In the inner retina, different forms of iERM can produce different visual prognoses. For example, the appearance of ectopic inner foveal layers is a risk factor for vision loss, thickening of the inner nuclear layer can cause visual distortion, and intraretinal cystic spaces may be related to injured Müller cells. In the outer retina, the integrity of the ellipsoid zone, interdigitation zone, and the cotton ball sign can indicate the degree of photoreceptor damage. This article reviews the characteristic changes visible on OCT in patients with iERM.