Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University ›› 2024, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2): 150-155.doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.442

• Review • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress on the preferred retinal locus in patients with central vision loss

DENG Yu, WANG Jianwei, LIU Ziqiang, LI Yuanyuan, HOU Xiaoyu, JIE Chuanhong   

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100040, China
  • Online:2024-03-20 Published:2024-03-29

Abstract: Low central visual acuity is mainly caused by decreases or deficiencies in contrast sensitivity, color vision, and other visual functions in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Studies have found that patients with central visual acuity loss can form a new visual task area, called the preferred retinal locus, at a relatively good position outside the foveal retina. In this paper, relevant articles about the optimal fixation point location and the training of the preferred retinal locus using microvisual field instruments are reviewed, and the current research status and shortcomings are summarized. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress of research on the visual condition of patients with central vision loss and to provide information that will aid the selection of visual rehabilitation programs for such patients.

Key words: Central visual loss, Visual changes, Preferred retinal locus, Fundus-controlled perimetry, Preferred retinal locus training

CLC Number: 

  • R774.5
[1] Tsai ASH, Gan ATL, Ting DSW, et al. Diabetic macular ischemia: correlation of retinal vasculature changes by optical coherence tomography angiography and functional deficit[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(11): 2184-2190. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002721
[2] Tsang SH, Sharma T. Stargardt disease[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018, 1085: 139-151. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95046-4_27
[3] Wang JW, Jie CH, Tao YJ, et al. Macular integrity assessment to determine the association between macular microstructure and functional parameters in diabetic macular edema[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2018, 11(7): 1185-1191. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2018.07.18
[4] Vujosevic S, Heeren TFC, Florea D, et al. Scotoma Characteristics in macular telangiectasia type 2: MacTel Project Report No. 7-The MacTel Research Group[J]. Retina, 2018, Suppl 1: S14-S19. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001693
[5] 雷敏,陈婷,艾明. 特发性黄斑前膜患者神经节细胞复合体厚度与黄斑部深浅血流密度比值的相关性研究[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(2): 104-113. doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.322 LEI Min, CHEN Ting, AI Ming. Investigating the correlation between the macular ganglion cell complex and the ratio of deep and superficial vessel density in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane[J]. Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University, 2023, 37(2): 104-113. doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2022.322
[6] Welker SG, Pfau M, Heinemann M, et al. Retest reliability of mesopic and dark-adapted microperimetry in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration and age-matched controls[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(4): AMD152-AMD159. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-23878
[7] 杨洪玲. 青光眼患者生活质量评估及相关因素的研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2016, 30(6): 94-97. doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2016.308 YANG Hongling. Research advances on the assessment and influencing factors of glaucoma patients' quality of life.[J]. Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University, 2016, 30(6): 94-97. doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2016.308
[8] Sasso P, Silvestri V, Sulfaro M, et al. Perceptual learning in patients with stargardt disease[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2019, 54(6): 708-716. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.03.012
[9] Curcio CA, McGwin G Jr, Sadda SR, et al. Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2(ALSTAR2): design and methods[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s12886-020-01467-0
[10] Crossland MD, Engel SA, Legge GE. The preferred retinal locus in macular disease: toward a consensus definition[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(10): 2109-2114. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31820d3fba
[11] Varano M, Scassa C. Scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 1998, 13(4): 203-209. doi: 10.3109/08820539809056054
[12] Rohrschneider K, Fendrich T, Becker M, et al. Static fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope with an automated threshold strategy[J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1995, 233(12): 743-749. doi: 10.1007/BF00184084
[13] Ferree CE, Rand G. The campperimeter-an illuminated perimeter with campimeter features[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1920, 18: 164-172
[14] Crossland MD, Luong VA, Rubin GS, et al. Retinal specific measurement of dark-adapted visual function: validation of a modified microperimeter[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2011, 11: 5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-11-5
[15] Steinberg JS, Saßmannshausen M, Pfau M, et al. Evaluation of two systems for fundus-controlled scotopic and mesopic perimetry in eye with age-related macular degeneration[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2017, 6(4): 7. doi: 10.1167/tvst.6.4.7
[16] Pfau M, Lindner M, Fleckenstein M, et al. Test-retest reliability of scotopic and mesopic fundus-controlled perimetry using a modified MAIA(Macular Integrity Assessment)in normal eyes[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2017, 237(1): 42-54. doi: 10.1159/000453079
[17] Holz FG, Sadda SR, Busbee B, et al. Efficacy and safety of lampalizumab for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: chroma and spectri phase 3 randomized clinical trials[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2018, 136(6): 666-677. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1544
[18] Altınbay D, Idil ??塁A. Current Approaches to Low Vision(Re)Habilitation[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2019, 49(3): 154-163. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2018.53325
[19] Sunness JS, Applegate CA, Haselwood D, et al. Fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from advanced atrophic age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease[J]. Ophthalmology, 1996, 103(9): 1458-1466. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30483-1
[20] Treleaven AJ, Yu D. Training peripheral vision to read: reducing crowding through an adaptive training method[J]. Vision Res, 2020, 171: 84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.05.009
[21] Morales MU, Saker S, Wilde C, et al. Reference clinical database for fixation stability metrics in normal subjects measured with the MAIA microperimeter[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2016, 5(6): 6. doi: 10.1167/tvst.5.6.6
[22] Morales MU, Saker S, Mehta RL, et al. Preferred retinal locus profile during prolonged fixation attempts[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2013, 48(5): 368-374. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.05.022
[23] Satgunam P, Luo G. Does central vision loss impair visual search performance of adults more than children? Optom Vis Sci, 2018, 95(5): 443-451. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001213
[24] Denniss J, Baggaley HC, Brown GM, et al. Properties of visual field defects around the monocular preferred retinal locus in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(5): 2652-2658. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-21086
[25] Somani S, Markowitz SN. Identification of fixation location with retinal photography in macular degeneration[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2004, 39(5): 517-520. doi: 10.1016/s0008-4182(04)80141-8
[26] Kisilevsky E, Tarita-Nistor L, González EG, et al. Characteristics of the preferred retinal loci of better and worse seeing eyes of patients with a central scotoma[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2016, 51(5): 362-367. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.01.007
[27] Silvestri V, Sasso P, Piscopo P, et al. Reading with central vision loss: binocular summation and inhibition[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2020, 40(6): 778-789. doi: 10.1111/opo.12726
[28] Erbezci M, Ozturk T. Preferred retinal locus locations in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(12): 2372-2378. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001897
[29] Verdina T, Greenstein VC, Sodi A, et al. Multimodal analysis of the preferred retinal location and the transition zone in patients with stargardt disease[J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2017, 255(7): 1307-1317. doi: 10.1007/s00417-017-3637-6
[30] Altinbay D, Idil A, Sahli E. How much do clinical and microperimetric findings affect reading speed in low vision patients with age-related macular degeneration?[J] Curr Eye Res, 2021, 46(10): 1581-1588. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1896740.
[31] Cheung SH, Legge GE. Functional and cortical adaptations to central vision loss[J]. Vis Neurosci, 2005, 22(2): 187-201. doi: 10.1017/S0952523805222071
[32] Farzaneh A, Riazi A, Khabazkhoob M, et al. Location and stability of the preferred retinal locus in native Persian-speaking patients with age-related macular degeneration[J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2021, 104(2): 194-200. doi: 10.1111/cxo.13132
[33] Jeong JH, Moon NJ. A study of eccentric viewing training for low vision rehabilitation[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2011, 25(6):409-416. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2011.25.6.409
[34] Farzaneh A, Riazi A, Falavarjani KG, et al. Evaluating reading performance in different preferred retinal loci in Persian-speaking patients with age-related macular degeneration[J]. J Curr Ophthalmol, 2021, 33(1): 48-55. doi: 10.4103/JOCO.JOCO_192_20
[35] Tarita-Nistor L, Eizenman M, Landon-Brace N, et al. Identifying absolute preferred retinal locations during binocular viewing[J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2015, 92(8): 863-872. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000641
[36] Schönbach EM, Strauss RW, Kong X, et al. Longitudinal changes of fixation location and stability within 12 months in stargardt disease: progstar report No. 12[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2018, 193:54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.06.003
[37] Tarita-Nistor L, Mandelcorn MS, Mandelcorn ED, et al. Effect of disease progression on the PRL location in patients with bilateral central vision loss[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(8): 47. doi: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.47
[38] Ehrlich JR, Stagg BC, Andrews C, et al. Vision impairment and receipt of eye care among older adults in low- and middle-income countries[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2019, 137(2): 146-158. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5449
[39] Bozkurt Oflaz A, Turgut Öztürk B, Gönül ??塁, et al. Short-term clinical results of preferred retinal locus training[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2022, 52(1): 14-22. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.73368
[40] Pyatova Y, Daibert-Nido M, Markowitz SN. Long term outcomes in dry age-related macular degeneration following low vision rehabilitation interventions[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2022, 32(1): 296-299. doi: 10.1177/1120672120973621
[41] Man REK, Gan ATL, Fenwick EK, et al. Impact of incident age-related macular degeneration and associated vision loss on vision-related quality of life[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(8): 1063-1068. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318269
[42] Macnamara A, Chen C, Schinazi VR, et al. Simulating macular degeneration to investigate activities of daily living: a systematic review[J]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 663062. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663062
[43] Ramírez Estudillo JA, León Higuera MI, Rojas Juárez S, et al. Visual rehabilitation via microperimetry in patients with geographic atrophy: a pilot study[J]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2017, 3: 21. doi: 10.1186/s40942-017-0071-1
[44] Scuderi G, Verboschi F, Domanico D, et al. Fixation improvement through biofeedback rehabilitation in stargardt disease[J]. Case Rep Med, 2016: 4264829. doi: 10.1155/2016/4264829
[45] Morales MU, Saker S, Amoaku WM. Bilateral eccentric vision training on pseudovitelliform dystrophy with microperimetry biofeedback[J]. BMJ Case Rep, 2015: bcr2014207969. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207969
[46] Tarita-Nistor L, González EG, Markowitz SN, et al. Plasticity of fixation in patients with central vision loss[J]. Vis Neurosci, 2009, 26(5/6):487-494. doi: 10.1017/S0952523809990265
[47] Sahli E, Altinbay D, Bingol Kiziltunc P, et al. Effectiveness of low vision rehabilitation using microperimetric acoustic biofeedback training in patients with central scotoma[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2021, 46(5): 731-738. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1833348
[48] Li S, Deng X, Chen Q, et al. Characteristics of preferred retinal locus in eyes with central vision loss secondary to different macular lesions[J]. Semin Ophthalmol, 2021, 36(8): 734-741. doi: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1900289
[49] Morales MU, Saker S, Wilde C, et al. Biofeedback fixation training method for improving eccentric vision in patients with loss of foveal function secondary to different maculopathies[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(2): 305-312. doi: 10.1007/s10792-019-01180-y
[50] Altınbay D, Idil ??塁A. Fixation stability and preferred retinal locus in advanced age-related macular degeneration[J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2022, 52(1): 23-29. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.27985
[51] Qian T, Xu X, Liu X, et al. Efficacy of MP-3 microperimeter biofeedback fixation training for low vision rehabilitation in patients with maculopathy[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 197. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02419-6
[52] Melillo P, Prinster A, Di Iorio V, et al. Biofeedback rehabilitation and visual cortex response in stargardt's disease: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(6): 6. doi: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.6
[53] Barboni MTS, Récsán Z, Szepessy Z, et al. Preliminary findings on the optimization of visual performance in patients with age-related macular degeneration using biofeedback training[J]. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 2019, 44(1): 61-70. doi: 10.1007/s10484-018-9423-3
[54] Chung STL. Training to improve temporal processing of letters benefits reading speed for people with central vision loss[J]. J Vis, 2021, 21(1): 14. doi: 10.1167/jov.21.1.14
[1] ObjectiveObjectiveTo analyze the literature on ocular ischemic syndrome published between January , and December , . MethodPapers on OIS that were published between January , and December , , were screened and retrieved from the CNKI and WOS databases, and those that were relevant were searched and analyzed. ResultsIn this analysis, Chinese papers on OIS were cited for times with an h-index of , while foreign papers were cited for times with an h-index of . Of the organizations that published the highest number of papers and had the highest h-indexes, the Capital Medical University and the Polish Medical University of Pomerania were the leading institutions. The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was the leading domestic journal, and the Journal of Ophthalmology and Plos One were the leading foreign journals. China published the highest number of papers abroad, China and South Korea had the highest h-indexes. China′s National Natural Science Foundation provided the most support to the field of OIS, accounting for .% of the total domestic literature. The most frequently cited article in the WOS database was by Hayreh, SS, which was on the prevalence and pathogenesis of ocular vascular occlusive disease and melanosis, it was also part of the top ten studies that focused on the utility of OCT in providing insights into OIS and the mechanisms of ischemia and hypoxia. ConclusionThe utility of OCT in providing insights into OIS and the mechanisms of hypoxia and ischemia represents a modern focus of researchers.. Analysis of the literature on ocular ischemic syndrome at home and abroadMENG Bo, HUANG Yingxiang, WANG Kang, ZHAO Lu, WANG Yanling Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, ChinaAbstract: [J]. Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University, 2020, 34(4): 35-40.
[2] To describe characteristics and risk factors associated with central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC)in a hospital-based outpatient sample population. MethodsIn this hospital-based cross-sectional study, CSC patients were recruited from the Beijing Friendship Hospital from 01/2019 to 12/2019. All participants underwent a standardized interview. Logistic regression models were used to assess the risk factors associated with CSC. ResultsA total of 23,878 outpatients were recorded during the period 01/2019-12/2019. Of these, 45 patients(0.19%)were diagnosed with CSC, divided in 37 male patients(82.22%)and 8 female patients(17.78%). The patients′ age ranged from 21 to 65(42.3±10.1)years. Three patients(6.67%)presented a bilateral involvement. Of all the patients, 39 were included in the present analysis. Control patients were matched for age and sex at a ratio of 1:1. The presence of CSC was associated with exposure to steroids(OR=5.04, 95% CI:1.11-22.89), sleep time(going to sleep after 12 pm)(OR=4.16, 95% CI:1.33-13.04)),and shift-work(OR=5.74, 95% CI:1.47-22.45).ConclusionsOur data showed that CSC prevalence in the analyzed outpatients was 0.19%. Exposure to steroids, sleep time, and shift-work were factors related with CSC in the observed population.. Prevalence and risk factors of central serous chorioretinopathy in a hospital-based population YANG Xiufen, YOU Ran, MA Xiumei, WANG Kang, WANG Yanling Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, ChinaAbstract:Objective〓 [J]. Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University, 2020, 34(4): 75-79.
[3] YANG Xiufen, LI Hongyang, ZHAO Lu,WEI Ying, HU Xiangdong, CHEN Jun, WANG Yanling. Clinical and imaging characteristics in patients with ocular ischemic syndrome [J]. Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University, 2019, 33(4): 119-123.
[4] . Causes of non-traumatic vitreous hemorrhage and effects of surgical treatment. [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2017, 31(1): 107-109.
[5] . Clinical observation on the treatment of BRVO-ME by the combination of laser therapy with Ranibizumab intravitreal injection. [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2017, 31(1): 110-113.
[6] ZHAO Lu, XIE Guoli, WANG Yanling. Changes of ocular hemodynamics after intravitreal ranibizumab injection in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2016, 30(4): 101-104.
[7] YAN Xiaoteng, FENG Jun, KANG Xinle. Intravitreal injection of conbercept for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2016, 30(4): 105-108.
[8] YAN Xiao-teng, FENG Jun, KANG Xin-le. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide combined with grid laser photocoagulation for patients with cystoid macular edema [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2015, 29(1): 60-63.
[9] LI Hao, ZHOU Fang. Idiopathic macular hole surgery prognosis based on macular hole size [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2014, 28(2): 81-83.
[10] LIU Min1, GUO Jian-lian1, ZHANG Hua2. Vitrectomy in treating idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane [J]. J Otolaryngol Ophthalmol Shandong Univ, 2013, 27(5): 65-67.
[11] SHAO Yan1, XU Xin-rong2. Advances in study of traditional Chinese medicine on age-related macular degeneration [J]. J Otolaryngol Ophthalmol Shandong Univ, 2013, 27(5): 91-94.
[12] FAN Xu, GUAN Juan, ZHAO Hui-ying, WANG Qian, SHENG Yu. One case of congenital macular coloboma [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2012, 26(3): 93-94.
[13] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2011, 25(6): 80-82.
[14] CAI Ke-bo. Internal limiting membrane peeling for treatment of foveoschisis in high myopia [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2011, 25(5): 108-110.
[15] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2009, 23(5): 71-72.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] LIN Bin,WANGHui-ge . Functional endoscopic sinus surgery, FESS[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2006, 20(6): 481 -487 .
[2] GONG Lei,SUN Jie,XUE Zi-chao,LI Jing-hua,XUE Wei-guo . DNA analysis of the cell cycle in sino-nasal neoplasm[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 193 -195 .
[3] CHEN Wen-wen . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2006, 20(5): 472 -472 .
[4] LUAN Jiangang,LIANG Chuanyu,WEN Yanjun,LI Jiong . Construction of RNAi expressing plasmid vector of pSIRENshuttle for EGFR gene silencing[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2006, 20(1): 4 -8 .
[5] MA Jing, ZHONG Cui-ping . Surgical method for nasopharyngeal fibroangioma encroaching on fossa pterygopalatina: with a report of 5 cases[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2006, 20(1): 30 -32 .
[6] LIU Qiang-he,LUO Xiang-lin,GENG Wan-ping,CHEN Chen,LEI Xun,LIU Fang-xian,DENG Ming . Age-related spiral ganglion neuron damages and hearing loss in senescence accelerated mice[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 215 -217 .
[7] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 223 -226 .
[8] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 246 -247 .
[9] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 250 -252 .
[10] . [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMOLOGY), 2008, 22(3): 260 -262 .