Table of Content

20 September 2025 Volume 39 Issue 5

  

Original Article

Electrophysiological characteristics of deep projections from bilateral auditory cortex

LU Jiantao, ZHONG Jie, LIU Shaofeng

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  1-7.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.382

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Objective This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of deep projections from bilateral auditory cortices, with a focus on the excitatory pyramidal neurons and their projections to the contralateral auditory cortex via the corpus callosum. The goal was to gain a better understanding of the projection localization of auditory information in bilateral auditory brain regions and the electrophysiological properties of target neurons. Methods Mice were used as the experimental subjects. Optogenetic viruses were injected into the auditory cortex to manipulate the activity of the corpus callosum. Electrophysiological and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed. Results The primary regions where deep neurons in the auditory cortex projected via the corpus callosum were layer 5B and layer 6 of the contralateral auditory cortex. Both layers exhibited monosynaptic connections, although the extent of information input, electrophysiological properties, and morphology differed significantly. Conclusion Direct fiber connections exist between deep neurons in bilateral auditory cortices. The projections to layer 5B and layer 6 of the contralateral side represent two distinct types of excitatory neurons, which likely contribute to different regulatory roles in auditory information processing.

Medication rule and diagnosis-treatment characteristics of Huang Ping in treatment of tinnitus: a study based on R language data mining

LING Wenchen, CHEN Jiaxu, XU Zhihui, ZHENG Wei, LIU Guangyu, ZHAO Xinyu, HUANG Ping

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  8-19.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.440

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Objective To analyse the medication characteristics of the prescriptions for tinnitus issued by Professor Huang Ping and the characteristics of Professor Huang Ping's diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus by using R language data mining techniques. Methods The study was conducted on patients with tinnitus who visited Professor Ping Huang's outpatient clinic from January 2022 to September 2023. Clinical data and prescription drug information were collected. Microsoft Office Excel 2022 was used to create a database of Professor Ping Huang's Chinese medicine prescriptions. Descriptive analyses of the nature, flavour, meridian distribution and efficacy of the prescriptions were performed using R. The patterns of commonly used drug pairs were further mined using Apriori association rule analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results A total of 225 prescriptions and 173 kinds of medications were screened. The top 10 most frequently used medication were Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Poria, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Codonopsis, stir-frying Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae with bran, Glycyrrhizae, Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata, Stir-baked Spine Date Seed, Medicated Leaven, and Burnt Hawthorn Fruit. The nature of the medicine prescriptions are warm and mild, and the taste is mostly sweet, pungent, and bitter. The main meridians are liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and stomach meridians. There are 34 second-order association rules, 256 third-order association rules, 379 fourth-order association rules, and 137 fifth-order association rules. Eight clustered prescription combinations were obtained through cluster analysis. Conclusions Professor Huang Ping's treatment of tinnitus emphasises the co-regulation of the liver, spleen and stomach, with the main treatment principle being to excavate the liver and regulating qi, strengthen the spleen and resolve dampness, eliminate food and harmonise the stomach.

Significance of video-EEG in the diagnosis of recurrent vertigo in children

LIU Nanxian, YANG Zeyin, HAN Lin, ZHANG Aiying, ZHAO Yuliang, XUE Jing, SUN Yijun, SHAO Yongliang

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  20-25.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.209

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Objective This study aimed to explore the relationship between v-EEG(video electroencephalogram, v-EEG)and disease in children with recurrent vertigo(recurrent vertigo of children, RVC)by analyzing the results of v-EEG in children with RVC. Methods According to the diagnostic criteria for RVC, 50 children with RVC and 20 healthy children were collected. The RVC group was divided into hypoxia group and nonhypoxia group based on the results of pulse oxygen monitoring. All the children in the group were monitored by v-EEG and the v-EEG results were analyzed using SPSS25.0 statistical software. Results The difference was not statistically significant in the abnormal rate of v-EEG between the RVC group and the control group. Differences were not statistically significant in the abnormal v-EEG rate between the hypoxia group, the nonhypoxia group and the control group. Conclusion The abnormality of v-EEG cannot be used as a diagnostic basis for children with RVC, but it has a certain clinical value for the differential diagnosis of children with RVC.

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of omalizumab in combination with specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis

XU Xuemeng, FAN Lei, YU Wangbo, JIANG Zhiyue, PAN Chen, HUANG Yongqin

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  26-33.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.325

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Objective To examine the disparity in effectiveness between the combination therapy of omalizumab with specific immunotherapy and specific immunotherapy alone, aiming to furnish insights for the clinical management of allergic rhinitis. Methods Computerized searches were performed using CNKI, Pubmed, SinoMed, Embase, and Cochrane, with the start and end of the literature search from the period of establishment of the database to June 2023, respectively. Data were extracted after screening the literature according to inclusion criteria and performing a rigorous quality evaluation of the included literature; meta-analysis was performed by applying R 4.3.1 software. Results Five randomized controlled studies with 445 patients were included. 223 cases of patients treated with omalizumab combined with specific immunotherapy and 222 cases of those treated with specific immunotherapy alone were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed that the severity score and use of rescue medication score were reduced in patients treated with omalizumab combined with specific immunotherapy compared to those treated with specific immunotherapy alone(P<0.001); however, differences in the scores of adverse effects between the two groups were not statistically significant(P=0.52). Conclusion Existing evidence indicates that combining omalizumab with specific immunotherapy offers superior control over clinical symptoms and reduces the need for palliative medications compared to specific immunotherapy alone in patients with allergic rhinitis. However, further confirmation through large-sample, multicentric, double-blind randomized controlled trials is warranted in the future.

Correlation of allergic rhinitis, tonsil adenoid hypertrophy, and sinusitis in children and analysis of its clinical guiding value

HUANG Huan, HUA Hongli, DENG Yuqin, JIANG Chengyang, WANG Yuwei, YANG Xinghai

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  34-41.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.373

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Objective This study aimed to study the correlation between allergic rhinitis, tonsil hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, and sinusitis in children and analyze its clinical value. Methods The clinical data of 1,275 children aged 3-14 years old, who treated for sleep problems were retrospectively analyzed. Data on sex, age, skin prick test for allergens, lateral skull radiography, sinus computed tomography, outpatient history, and physical examination were collected. The study analyzed the correlation between allergic rhinitis, tonsil hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, and sinusitis. It also discussed the influence of allergic rhinitis on adenoid hypertrophy in patients with different degrees of tonsil hypertrophy and the correlation between adenoid hypertrophy and sinusitis at different ages. Results Allergic rhinitis was not significantly associated with tonsil hypertrophy or sinusitis in children. Compared to non-allergic rhinitis patients, patients with allergic rhinitis primarily presented with moderate adenoid hypertrophy. Notably, adenoids were positively correlated with tonsil hypertrophy. In patients with grades Ⅰ-Ⅱ tonsil hypertrophy, the degree of adenoid hypertrophy differed between patients with and without allergic rhinitis. However, no significant difference was observed between patients with grades Ⅲ-Ⅳ tonsil hypertrophy. The prevalence of sinusitis and Lund-Mackay scores were higher in patients with adenoid hypertrophy compared to children with normal adenoid size. Nonetheless, there was no significant correlation between sinusitis and the degree of adenoid hypertrophy in patients with the condition. Interestingly, the severity of sinusitis in patients aged 6-9 years was associated with adenoid hypertrophy, while no significant correlation was found in patients aged less than 6 and older than 10 years. Conclusion Allergic rhinitis affected the degree of adenoid hypertrophy, but had no significant correlation with tonsil hypertrophy or sinusitis. Specifically, whether allergic rhinitis affected the degree of adenoid hypertrophy depended on the degree of tonsil hypertrophy. In patients with adenoid hypertrophy, the occurrence and severity of sinusitis did not significantly correlate with the degree of adenoid hypertrophy. However, the association between sinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy was age-related.

The long-term clinical efficacy and safety of vidian neurectomy in refractory allergic rhinitis

LIU Yijun, GU Yue, GUAN Dayu, YANG Yucheng, SHEN Yang

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  42-48.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.407

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Objective To evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy, safety of vidian neurectomy in the treatment of refractory allergic rhinitis(AR). Methods A total of 49 patients with refractory AR were enrolled in the study. The visual analogue scale(VAS)score was used to assess nasal symptoms-including nasal itching, nasal congestion, sneezing and rhinorrhea-before surgery and 1 years postoperatively. Symptom improvement was compared pre- and post-treatment. Postoperative adverse events were recorded to assess the safety of the procedure. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results The VAS scores of both overall and individual nasal symptoms were significantly reduced after vidian neurectomy. The overall effective rate was 85.71%(42/49), showing a statistically significant improvement compared to preoperative scores(P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative adverse reactions was 10%(5/49). Further analysis found no statistically significant correlation between preoperative clinical indicators(both subjective and objective)and postoperative outcomes(P>0.05). Conclusion Vidian neurectomy provides substantial clinical benefit and a favorable safety profile for refractory AR. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the procedure does not appear to be influenced by patients' preoperative subjective symptoms or objective indicators.

Mendelian randomization study of gut microbiota, chronic sinusitis, and nasal polyps: Causal relationships and metabolite-mediated effects

ZHANG Jiaqi, YUAN Ye, HONG Chen, GU Min, CHENG Lei, LU Meiping

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  49-60.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2025.144

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Objective This study aimed to explore the causal relationships between gut microbiota and chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)or nasal polyps(NP)using Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis and to assess the mediating role of circulating metabolites. Methods Instrumental variables(IVs)were selected based on gut microbiota genotype data from the MiBioGen consortium and GWAS data from FinnGen and UK Biobank. Causal effects were evaluated using inverse variance weighting(IVW), MR-Egger regression, and weighted median(WM)methods. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO global test, and leave-one-out analysis. Metabolite-mediated pathways were investigated using two-step MR mediation analysis. Multivariable MR was also applied to evaluate the impact of telomere length on the associations between Bifidobacterium-related microbiota and CRS or NP. Results The MR analysis revealed seven gut microbial taxa significantly associated with CRS and eight associated with NP(P_FDR<0.05). Metabolite and pathway analyses identified key metabolic processes, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid and steroid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. Mediation analysis confirmed four causal pathways involving microbiota, metabolites, and diseases. Additionally, multivariable MR demonstrated Additionally, multivariable MR demonstrated that adjusting for telomere length attenuated the causal effects of the genus Bifidobacterium and phylum Actinobacteria on CRS, rendering them non-significant. Notably, the genus Family_XIII_UCG-001 was observed to reduce CRS risk by modulating N-α-acetylornithine(mediation proportion: 4.81%), while the order Desulfovibrionales exhibited protective effects on NP through carnitine-related metabolism(mediation proportion: 6.50%). Conclusion There is a complex causal relationship between the gut microbiota and CRS and its phenotypes, with metabolites playing an important mediating role. This study provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of CRS.

Burden of larynx cancer attributable to excessive alcohol consumption and prediction of future trends in China from 1990 to 2021

LIU Danfeng, PAN Qingchun, LI Daibo, FENG Xuefei, REN Jian

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  61-69.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2025.124

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Objective To analyze trends temporal trends in the burden of laryngeal cancer(LC)attributable to excessive alcohol use in China from 1990 to 2021, and project future trajectories through 2040, thereby informing evidence-based disease prevention strategies. Methods Utilizing Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we extracted disability-adjusted life years(DALYs), DALY rates, death counts, and mortality rates as core metrics to assess disease burden. Decomposition analysis was employed to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes to temporal shifts in disease burden. Age-Period-Cohort(APC)modeling was applied to analyze differential trends across age groups, calendar periods, and birth cohorts. Future trajectories through 2040 were projected using a Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort(BAPC)model. Results From 1990 to 2021, the number of DALYs and deaths attributable to excessive alcohol consumption increased in China, but the age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)and age standardized mortality rate(ASMR)showed a decreasing trend. Compared with the global level, the burden in China was relatively light; the burden on men was significantly higher than that on women, with the key age groups being 55-59 years and 65-69 years. Population growth is the primary factor driving the increase in burden, while epidemiological changes have a protective effect. The highest burden of throat cancer attributable to excessive alcohol consumption was observed in the 1992-1996 cohort and the 65-69 age group, with older birth cohorts exhibiting a higher burden. Projections indicate that the disease burden will continue to decline by 2040. Conclusion From 1990 to 2021, the absolute burden of throat cancer caused by excessive alcohol consumption in China continued to increase, but the age-standardized rate showed a downward trend, with predictions indicating that it will continue to decline until 2040. Epidemiological changes have alleviated the disease burden, but population growth and aging have caused the absolute burden to rise. Men over the age of 55 are the key population group affected by the disease burden and remain a key challenge for China in addressing throat cancer caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Investigation of the correlation between levator palpebrae superioris muscle strength and postoperative eyelid closure in patients with blepharoptosis

LIU Xin, DU Anshi, WANG Yan, TAN Qingqing, LI Junping, GUO Yunan, LAN Changjun

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  70-75.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.443

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Objective To investigate the correlation between the strength of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and postoperative eyelid closure in patients with congenital blepharoptosis, aiming to provide a reference basis for surgical method selection and prognosis assessment in clinical practice. Methods A total of 122 eyes from 83 patients with congenital blepharoptosis were included in this study. Surgical procedures involved either shortening of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or frontalis muscle flap suspension. Prior to surgery, the muscle strength of the levator palpebrae superioris was measured and recorded. Subsequently, eyelid closure was assessed on postoperative day one, day seven, month one, month three, and month six for patients who underwent the same surgical procedure. The correlation between preoperative muscle strength of the levator palpebrae superioris and postoperative eyelid closure was analyzed. Results The strength of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle exhibits a negative correlation with the degree of postoperative eyelid closure insufficiency in patients with shortening of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle(r=-0.330 1, P<0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed in cases involving frontalis muscle flap suspension operation(r=-0.229 1, P=0.125 7). The longer the postoperative time, the smaller the eyelid closure insufficiency in both surgical methods. After a 3-month shortening of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, complete eyelid closure was achieved. However, even after a 6-month frontalis muscle flap suspension, partial non-closure still persisted. Conclusion The robustness of the muscle plays a crucial role in achieving proficient eyelid closure post-operatively following levator palpebrae muscle shortening surgery. A stronger muscle results in enhanced closure and reduced closure time. In contrast, the strength of the upper eyelid muscle has minimal significance for eyelid closure post-operatively during frontal muscle flap suspension surgery. Levator palpebrae muscle shortening surgery facilitates earlier eyelid closure post-operatively, making it the optimal choice.

Research on auxiliary diagnosis of ocular oblique muscle dysfunction based on the YOLOv8 model

YAO Xue, LU Xiaofeng, ZHANG Mengrui, HU Xinya, ZHAO Jialuo, LAI Sisi, LI Xuan, LIU Zixiao, SHEN Chaofan, FAN Zixin, ZHANG Yinsheng, ZHANG Guoming

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  76-82.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.329

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Objective To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of using YOLOv8 model to assist in diagnosing oblique muscle function. Methods Fundus photographs of abnormal oblique muscle function and normal subjects were collected from Shenzhen Eye Hospital. The YOLOv8 model was used for training, and the macular areas and optic disc area in fundus photographs were marked and identified, and the disc-fovea angle(DFA)of the macular fovea was quantitatively detected to evaluate the oblique muscle function. Results There were no significant differences in gender(χ2=0.478, P=0.489)and age(U=358 91.5, P=0.770)between the abnormal oblique muscle function group and the normal group. The results of the probability density curve showed that there were differences in DFA distribution between the abnormal oblique muscle function group and the normal one. The YOLOv8 model demonstrated a 100% recognition accuracy for the optic disc category and a 95% recognition accuracy for the macular category. The model exhibited superior recognition performance for the optic disc category in comparison to the macular category across diverse confidence thresholds(for the overall category, the F1 score of the model was the highest, at 0.92, when the confidence was 0.307). Independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Levene's test all showed that there were significant differences in DFA between abnormal and normal oblique muscle function groups based on YOLOv8 model(all P<0.001). When DFA<-17.286 or DFA>6.278, the probability of DFA distribution results belonging to the category of oblique muscle dysfunction is greater than 80%. Conclusion The application of YOLOv8 model can assist clinical evaluation of oblique muscle function. When DFA is less than-17.286° or greater than 6.278°, the probability of abnormal oblique muscle function is greater than 80%.

Research on evaluating the cataract surgery level of ophthalmologists using eyeSi surgical simulator

HUANG Qi, DENG Xuwen, WANG Peipei, CHEN Yequn, GU Xuejun

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  83-88.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.345

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Objective To explore the scoring performance of expert and novice ophthalmologists in the cataract surgery module using the EyeSi surgical simulator. Methods A total of 10 senior attending or higher-level ophthalmologists(expert group)and 15 residents or junior attending ophthalmologists(novice group)from the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University were recruited. Each participant performed three operations on the five items of the EyeSi cataract surgery module CAT-B(including capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, nucleus splitting and phacoemulsification, IA cortical aspiration, and intraocular lens implantation), with the highest score recorded for each item. Results In the 5 test items of the CAT-B module(capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, nucleus cracking and phacoemulsification, IA cortical aspiration, and intraocular lens implantation), the expert group scored higher than the novice group, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05 for all). The expert group achieved higher scores in key indicators such as capsulorhexis centrality, continuity, adequate fluid wave formation, ultrasound energy efficiency, thorough cortical removal, and accurate intraocular lens implantation. Meanwhile, they had fewer deductions in negative aspects like corneal endothelial damage, zonular damage, capsular rupture, and prolonged operation time. Conclusion The expert group outperformed the novice group in terms of accuracy, operational efficiency, and tissue protection. The EyeSi surgical simulator is capable of objectively evaluating the cataract surgery skills of ophthalmologists and can serve as an effective tool for standardized ophthalmic clinical training and assessment of cataract surgery teaching effectiveness.

A case of SSCNS with hearing loss as the main manifestation and literature review

WANG Ying, CAI Yanwen

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  89-96.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.417

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Objective To explore the early diagnosis and treatment methods of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system(SSCNS)with hearing loss as the main manifestation, as well as to summarize and reflect on the diagnosis, differentiation, and treatment of diseases with hearing loss as the initial symptom. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of a patient with SSCNS admitted to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of our hospital, who presented with progressive hearing loss as the initial symptom, without a history of significant head trauma, hemorrhage, or surgery. The clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as the imaging characteristics of the patient's superficial siderosis of the central nervous system, were discussed. Combined with the review of domestic and foreign literature and experience, the early diagnosis and treatment methods of this disease were explored, as well as the diagnosis, differentiation, summary, and reflection on diseases with hearing loss as the initial symptom. Results After treatment, the patient's hearing did not improve significantly, and intermittent tinnitus occurred. The patient requested discharge. Follow-up after discharge revealed that the patient had not visited the hospital regularly or taken iron chelators at home for a long time. The hearing symptoms did not worsen significantly, and the patient reported normal gait with occasional instability. The patient refused further examination. Conclusion Otorhinolaryngologists should pay more attention to patients with idiopathic progressive sensorineural hearing loss of unknown cause in clinical practice. Not only should they enhance their understanding of SSCNS, but also standardize the diagnosis and treatment thinking for patients with “hearing loss” in clinical practice, and strengthen the localization and qualitative diagnosis and differentiation of the primary diseases causing “hearing loss”.

Primary epiglottic neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report and literature review

LIU Yuzhu, YUAN Tiejun, LI Bo

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  97-100.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.337

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Objective This study aims to investigate the clinical manifestations, pathological types, treatment modalities, and prognosis of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Methods The clinical data from a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma are presented, accompanied by a comprehensive review of related literature. Results A diagnosis of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma was primarily established through pathological examination. The literature revealed significant differences in biological behavior, treatment approaches, and prognosis among various pathological types. Conclusion The best practice for treating laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma remains controversial, with no established gold standard treatment plan in cases where postoperative lymph nodes show metastasis, radiotherapy may contribute to an improved prognosis However, for patients with negative lymph nodes, the necessity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains uncertain.

Glottic lobular capillary hemangioma: a case report and literature review

ZHOU Wenjing, CHEN Xuqing, MA Jun, MA Huaan

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  101-103.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.410

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Objective To improve the clinical knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of glottal lobular capillary hemangioma(LCH). Methods The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment and pathological manifestations of a case of glottal LCH were analyzed and summarised in the relevant literature. Results The performance of LCH is mainly hoarseness with bleeding, and the diagnosis still depends on pathology. The best treatment plan is surgery, and the risk of bleeding should be fully considered during surgery. Conclusion Glottal LCH is a rare cause of hoarseness and haemoptysis, and should be treated as early as possible if clinically suspected. The key to treat glottal LCH is to evaluate the effect of the mass on the airway, such as whether the airway increases for a short time, and whether the bleeding leads to the glottis.

Kimura disease:a case report and literature review

YIN Zhenqian, HUANGFU Hui

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  104-107.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.453

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Objective To study and explore the related diagnosis and treatment methods and clinical characteristics of kimura's disease(KD). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of a patient with KD in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, and reviewed the relevant literature to summarize its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, histological and imaging manifestations, and related diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Results In this case, a painless mass was seen in the right side of the head and neck, and the laboratory tests showed that the percentage of eosinophils was 23.6%, the absolute value of eosinophils was 1.90×10⁹/L, and the serum immunoglobulin E(IgE)was 109.0 kU/L. The puncture pathology results suggested that the KD was present, and surgical resection of the mass was performed, and there was no recurrence during the follow up period. Conclusion The rarity of KD and its manifestations make it difficult to diagnose, but KD should be considered when patients present with painless head and neck masses accompanied by eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and elevated levels of IgE. Surgical excision can be both therapeutic and diagnostic.

A case of temporal bone hypercavitation with infectious shock and review of the literature

XIE Xian, CHEN Yi, LIU Bin, XIAO Xuping, LI Xiangsheng

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  108-113.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.009

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Objective To investigate the surgical treatment of infectious shock due to otitis media infection which extended to the hyperpneumatized rock and occipital bone, and to study the pathogenesis of temporal bone hyperpneumatization at the same time. Methods After the diagnosis was clarified, "mastoid exploration + open mastoidectomy + rocky tip skull base abscess drainage" was performed under general anaesthesia, and due to the emergence of a dry ear after discharge from the hospital, "left ventral wall fat skull base airspace tamponade + external ear canal closure" was performed under general anaesthesia again. The clinical data of otitis media with infectious shock due to cold in patients with temporal bone hyperpneumatisation were reviewed and the literature was reviewed. Results The patient's postoperative incision healed in second stage and there was no recurrence in two years of follow-up. Conclusion Temporal bone and occipital bone hypercavitation with toxic shock is extremely rare,and early surgery and abscess drainage are the mainstay of treatment.

A case of intraocular fluid detection to guide precise treatment of acute retinal necrosis and review of the literature

DING Shuliang, WANG Chaofan, LIU Jianliang

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  114-117.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.478

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Objective To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant(Ozurdex)in refractory macular edema secondary to acute retinal necrosis(ARN)guided by intraocular fluid detection. Methods One patient with refractory macular edema secondary to ARN was followed up, and the treatment regimen was precisely adjusted according to the intraocular fluid detection results in a prospective study. Results This study reports on a patient with refractory macular edema secondary to ARN who received precise treatment guided by the detection of intraocular fluid. The patient was admitted to hospital with acute progressive visual loss in the right eye for 4 d. Varicella herpes zoster virus(VZV)was detected in the intraocular fluid. The retinal inflammation resolved after administration of antiviral therapy, but there was secondary macular edema, which resolved after vitreous injection of Ranibizumab but was prone to recurrence. After 8 consecutive weeks of undetectable VZV in the intraocular fluid, Ozurdex was innovatively used to treat macular edema, which resolved completely after 3 consecutive intravitreal injections of Ozurdex and did not recur for 2 years. Conclusion This case suggests that detection of intraocular fluid can guide accurate diagnosis and treatment of ARN, and that refractory macular edema following viral clearance can be treated with Ozurdex, which has better long-term efficacy than Ranibizumab.

Review

Research progress on high fat diets and hearing loss based on the gut barrier- inner ear axis hypothesis

HU Nan, HUANG Yunye, LIU Jing, XU Zhibin

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  118-124.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.364

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Obesity-related complications have become an increasingly important public health concern. In addition to well-known co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, recent research has shown a positive association between obesity and hearing impairment, which is more pronounced in individuals with a high body mass index. This finding highlights the need for further research to explore whether early intervention and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of hearing loss. As a major contributor to obesity, a high-fat diet may involve mechanisms affecting hearing that are not yet fully understood. This review aims to investigate how a high-fat diet disrupts the gut barrier and subsequently affects hearing function, proposing and evaluating the gut barrier-internal ear axis hypothesis. By synthesising epidemiological data, animal experiments and clinical trial results, this review analyses in depth the links between high-fat diet-induced changes in gut microbiota, gut barrier dysfunction and hearing loss. The findings not only reveal potential links between gut health and hearing function, but also provide new insights into how lifestyle factors can influence distant organ function through the gut microbiome. This understanding has significant implications for promoting interdisciplinary research and developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of hearing loss.

The role of microRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its research progress

WANG Sheng, LI Yindan, YANG Jinji

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  125-131.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.339

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a type of cancer that affects the mucous membrane in the nasopharynx. It is often associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection and is most common in the Asian population. In this type of cancer, microRNA(miRNA)plays a crucial role as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. By regulating specific target genes involved in various cellular processes and pathways, miRNA contributes to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and miRNA disorder is also related to patient prognosis and clinical outcome. Targeting miRNAs and their associated genes can be used as a therapeutic approach to enhance the sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of miRNA and its application in the diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is of great clinical importance.

Advances in research on olfactory training that improves cognitive function

LI Han, QIAO Xiaofeng

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  132-138.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.445

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In various neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory dysfunction and cognitive decline is correlated. Olfactory training(OT)aims to induce neuroplasticity through repetitive exposure to various odorants, thereby cultivating neural adaptability to improve or restore olfactory function. Numerous studies have shown the significant effectiveness of OT in ameliorating olfactory impairments. OT has also been reported to induce changes in brain structure and function. The olfactory pathway interacts with brain regions associated with cognitive function, thus affecting cognitive abilities. OT enhances cortical thickness and functional connectivity in multiple brain regions, thereby alleviating cognitive decline. This review systematically addresses the clinical progress of OT in treating olfactory impairments and its impact on cognitive function, thus providing a basis for the clinical treatment of cognitive function disorders.

Research progress of IL-35 in allergic rhinitis

ZHANG Ting, WANG Meilan, GAO Yingqin

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  139-147.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.132

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Interleukin-35(IL-35)is a member of the IL-12 family and serves as an immunoregulatory factor primarily secreted by immune cells, including regulatory T cells and dendritic cells, It is capable of inducing various types of regulatory cells, such as IL-35-induced regulatory T cells(iTr35), IL-10-producing regulatory B cells(IL-10+Bregs), and IL-35-producing regulatory B cells(IL-35+Bregs), which play significant roles in modulating the immune system across various diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that IL-35 is crucial for maintaining immune system homeostasis, regulating inflammatory responses, and suppressing cellular immune responses. Recent studies have found that IL-35 also plays a certain role in the occurrence and development of allergic rhinitis(AR). This article provides an overview of IL-35, summarizes the relevant research progress regarding IL-35 in allergic rhinitis, discusses its potential involvement in the pathogenesis.

Research progress on the mechanism of complement in the development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

HU Yi, KONG Xuhui

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  148-155.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.334

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The complement system is an important part of the immune system and is involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, rheumatic diseases, blood diseases, and cancer. Laryngeal cancer the common malignancy of the head and neck Studying the mechanism whereby complement affects laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and identifying effective biomarkers will help improve the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This article briefly reviews the activation of the complement system, and explains how complement proteins affect the development and metastasis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma from the levels of the tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells themselves and their secretions, to provide a reference for further research on the clinical application of targeted therapy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Application of dual-energy CT in the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

SHEN Wenhao, CHEN Xi

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  156-160.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2025.131

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Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common pathologic type of laryngeal malignancy, with difficulty in early diagnosis and overall poor prognosis. Dual-energy CT, a more advanced form of CT imaging that has received significant attention in recent years, uses two different X-ray energies to image tissues.By combining attenuation information from tissues at different energy spectra, dual-energy CT can differentiate various materials. Dual-energy CT has shown considerable potential in diagnosing, staging, assessing the efficacy of treatment, and predicting the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress of research on the use of dual-energy CT in diagnosing and treating laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Recent advancements in the research on ferroptosis and age-related cataracts

WANG Sheng, HUANG Xudong

Journal of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology of Shandong University. 2025, 39(5):  161-168.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2023.425

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Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide accumulation. In recent years, preventing the occurrence and development of related diseases by regulating cellular ferroptosis has become a focal point in pathogenic research and treatment. As the leading cause of blindness globally, cataracts, particularly age-related cataracts(ARC), can be influenced by inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis. This suggests that ferroptosis is involved in ARC development; therefore, studying the functional changes and specific molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in ARC has significant research value. This review discusses the latest progress in the study of ferroptosis and its findings in relation to ARC, thus providing a reference for further understanding its pathogenesis and proposing novel targets for the treatment of ARC.