山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1): 127-134.doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1673-3770.0.2024.225

• 综述 • 上一篇    

光学相干断层扫描血管成像在全身疾病中的临床应用研究进展

李世强1,马燕2,王家伟1   

  1. 1. 山东大学齐鲁医院 眼科, 山东 济南 250012;
    2. 济南市第三人民医院 眼科, 山东 济南 250100
  • 发布日期:2026-02-13
  • 通讯作者: 王家伟. E-mail:jiaweieye@sdu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:李世强、马燕,共同第一作者
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(81700831);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MH139)

Advances in clinical applications of optical coherence tomography angiography in systemic diseases

LI Shiqiang1, MA Yan2, WANG Jiawei1   

  1. 1. Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China2. Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Published:2026-02-13

PDF (PC)

11

摘要： 全身性疾病是指对全身多个器官影响的系统性疾病,许多全身性疾病对眼部有不同程度的损害,深入研究眼科与全身疾病的关系能提升眼科与全身疾病的综合诊疗水平。光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography, OCTA)能够以无创的方式提供高分辨率的三维图像,对结膜、虹膜、视网膜和脉络膜血管进行详细观察,已在眼科临床工作中得到广泛应用,对于眼底疾病(如黄斑水肿、脉络膜新生血管、糖尿病性视网膜病变、视网膜分支静脉阻塞等)的诊断和随访具有重要意义。近年来研究发现OCTA不仅能早期筛查和诊断神经退行性疾病,而且可以评估危重症和颈动脉狭窄患者严重程度及其治疗效果。此外OCTA还被应用于系统性红斑狼疮的活动度评估,并在构建疾病风险预测模型方面展现出重要价值。本文综述了OCTA在多种全身性疾病中的最新应用进展,讨论了其潜在的临床价值,为OCTA在全身性疾病中的进一步应用提供思路。

关键词: 光学相干断层扫描血管成像, 全身性疾病, 微血管改变, 临床应用, 研究进展

Abstract: Systemic diseases refer to conditions that affect multiple organs throughout the body. Many systemic diseases have different degrees of damage to the eye. An in-depth study of the relationship between ophthalmology and systemic diseases can enhance the comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic level in both fields. Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)provides non-invasive, high-resolution three-dimensional images allowing for detailed observation of the conjunctival, iris, retinal, and choroidal blood vessels. OCTA has been widely used in ophthalmology, which is of great significance in the observation and follow-up of fundus diseases, such as macular edema, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal branch vein occlusion. Recent studies have shown that OCTA can not only be used for the early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, but also for assessing the severity of critical illnesses and carotid artery stenosis, as well as evaluating the effects of treatment. Furthermore, OCTA has been applied in assessing disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and has demonstrated significant value in constructing disease risk prediction models. In this article, we review the latest advances in the application of OCTA in various systemic diseases, discusses its potential clinical value, and provides insights for further application of OCTA in the field of systemic diseases.

Key words: Optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), Systemic diseases, Microvascular changes, Clinical application, Recent advances

中图分类号: 

  • R771.3
[1] Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2018, 64: 1-55. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003
[2] Kashani AH, Chen CL, Gahm JK, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography: a comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2017, 60: 66-100. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.07.002
[3] Gupta VB, Chitranshi N, den Haan J, et al. Retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease- integrated prospects of imaging, functional and molecular advances[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 82: 100899. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100899
[4] Fekrazad S, Hassanzadeh G, Salehi MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography measurements in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2024, 69(5): 743-755. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.04.007
[5] De Backer D, Orbegozo Cortes D, Donadello K, et al. Pathophysiology of microcirculatory dysfunction and the pathogenesis of septic shock[J]. Virulence, 2014, 5(1): 73-79. doi: 10.4161/viru.26482
[6] Taccone FS, Su FH, Pierrakos C, et al. Cerebral microcirculation is impaired during sepsis: an experimental study[J]. Crit Care, 2010, 14(4): R140. doi: 10.1186/cc9205
[7] Zadeh JK, Ruemmler R, Hartmann EK, et al. Responses of retinal arterioles and ciliary arteries in pigs with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2019, 184: 152-161. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.021
[8] Simkiene J, Pranskuniene Z, Patasius M, et al. Alterations of retinal vessels in patients with sepsis[J]. J Clin Monit Comput, 2020, 34(5): 937-942. doi: 10.1007/s10877-019-00401-0
[9] Alnawaiseh M, Ertmer C, Seidel L, et al. Feasibility of optical coherence tomography angiography to assess changes in retinal microcirculation in ovine haemorrhagic shock[J]. Crit Care, 2018, 22(1): 138. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2056-3
[10] Franceschi C. The unsolved puzzle of multiple sclerosis and venous function[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2009, 80(4): 358. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.168179
[11] Kılınç Hekimsoy H, ?瘙塁ekero glu MA, Koçer AM, et al. Analysis of retinal and choroidal microvasculature in systemic sclerosis: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Eye(Lond), 2020, 34(4): 763-770. doi: 10.1038/s41433-019-0591-z
[12] Saidha S, Al-Louzi O, Ratchford JN, et al. Optical coherence tomography reflects brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a four-year study[J]. Ann Neurol, 2015, 78(5): 801-813. doi: 10.1002/ana.24487
[13] Doche E, Lecocq A, Maarouf A, et al. Hypoperfusion of the thalamus is associated with disability in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis[J]. J Neuroradiol, 2017, 44(2): 158-164. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2016.10.001
[14] Wicklein R, Kreitner L, Wild A, et al. Retinal small vessel pathology is associated with disease burden in multiple sclerosis[J]. Mult Scler, 2024, 30(7): 812-819. doi: 10.1177/13524585241247775
[15] Wylęgaa A. Principles of OCTA and applications in clinical neurology[J]. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2018, 18(12): 96. doi: 10.1007/s11910-018-0911-x
[16] Bulut M, Kurtulu?瘙塂 F, Gözkaya O, et al. Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer's type dementia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2018, 102(2): 233-237. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310476
[17] López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, et al. The value of OCT and OCTA as potential biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a review study[J]. Life(Basel), 2021, 11(7): 712. doi: 10.3390/life11070712
[18] Wisely CE, Wang D, Henao R, et al. Convolutional neural network to identify symptomatic Alzheimer's disease using multimodal retinal imaging[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(3): 388-395. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317659
[19] Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AHV, et al. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(3): 235-245. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70373-8[PubMed]
[20] Archibald NK, Clarke MP, Mosimann UP, et al. The retina in Parkinson's disease[J]. Brain, 2009, 132(Pt 5): 1128-1145. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp068
[21] Schwartz RS, Halliday GM, Cordato DJ, et al. Small-vessel disease in patients with Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study[J]. Mov Disord, 2012, 27(12): 1506-1512. doi: 10.1002/mds.25112
[22] Lauermann JL, Sochurek JAM, Plöttner P, et al. Applicability of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)imaging in Parkinson's disease[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 5520. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84862-x
[23] Robbins CB, Thompson AC, Bhullar PK, et al. Characterization of retinal microvascular and choroidal structural changes in parkinson disease[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2021, 139(2): 182-188. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730
[24] Kwapong WR, Ye H, Peng CL, et al. Retinal microvascular impairment in the early stages of Parkinson's disease[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(10): 4115-4122. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-23230
[25] Zhang YF, Zhang D, Gao YZ, et al. Retinal flow density changes in early-stage Parkinson's disease investigated by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2021, 46(12): 1886-1891. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1933054
[26] Zhang YF, Yang L, Gao YZ, et al. Choroid and choriocapillaris changes in early-stage Parkinson's disease: a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography-based cross-sectional study[J]. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2022, 14(1): 116. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-01054-z
[27] Rasmussen BK, Olesen J. Migraine with aura and migraine without aura: an epidemiological study[J]. Cephalalgia, 1992, 12(4): 221-228;discussion186. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1204221.x
[28] Chang MY, Phasukkijwatana N, Garrity S, et al. Foveal and peripapillary vascular decrement in migraine with aura demonstrated by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(12): 5477-5484. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-22477
[29] Ulusoy MO, Horasanlı B, Kal A. Retinal vascular density evaluation of migraine patients with and without aura and association with white matter hyperintensities[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2019, 119(3): 411-417. doi: 10.1007/s13760-019-01094-7
[30] Romozzi M, Cuffaro G, Rollo E, et al. Microvascular involvement in migraine: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. J Neurol, 2023, 270(8): 4024-4030. doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11697-z
[31] Lee GI, Park KA, Oh SY, et al. Parafoveal and peripapillary perfusion predict visual field recovery in chiasmal compression due to pituitary tumors[J]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(3): 697. doi: 10.3390/jcm9030697
[32] Lee GI, Park KA, Oh SY, et al. Changes in parafoveal and peripapillary perfusion after decompression surgery in chiasmal compression due to pituitary tumors[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 3464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82151-1
[33] Cennamo G, Solari D, Montorio D, et al. Early vascular modifications after endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery: The role of OCT-angiography[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(10): e0241295. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241295
[34] Wang XQ, Chou YY, Zhu HJ, et al. Retinal microvascular alterations detected by optical coherence tomography angiography in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2022, 11(1): 5. doi: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.5
[35] Conigliaro P, Triggianese P, Draghessi G, et al. Evidence for the detection of subclinical retinal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus and sjögren syndrome: a potential association with therapies[J]. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2018, 177(1): 45-56. doi: 10.1159/000488950
[36] Sultan W, Asanad S, Karanjia R, et al. Long-term attenuation of the deep capillary plexus in SLE utilizing OCTA[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2019, 54(4): e207-e212. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.10.013
[37] Arfeen SA, Bahgat N, Adel N, et al. Assessment of superficial and deep retinal vessel density in systemic lupus erythematosus patients using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2020, 258(6): 1261-1268. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04626-7
[38] Meng LH, Chen LL, Zhang CX, et al. Quantitative assessment of retinal vasculature changes in systemic lupus erythematosus using wide-field OCTA and the correlation with disease activity[J]. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1340224. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340224
[39] Zhuang XN, Cao D, Yang DW, et al. Association of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema with renal function in southern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single-centre observational study[J]. BMJ Open, 2019, 9(9): e031194. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031194
[40] Zhuang XN, Cao D, Zeng YK, et al. Associations between retinal microvasculature/microstructure and renal function in type 2 diabetes patients with early chronic kidney disease[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 168: 108373. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108373
[41] Man REK, Fenwick EK, Gan ATL, et al. Association between perceived barriers to diabetes self-management and diabetic retinopathy in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2017, 135(12): 1387-1393. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4888
[42] Sng CCA, Sabanayagam C, Lamoureux EL, et al. Fractal analysis of the retinal vasculature and chronic kidney disease[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2010, 25(7): 2252-2258. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq007
[43] Ong YT, Wong TY, Klein R, et al. Hypertensive retinopathy and risk of stroke[J]. Hypertension, 2013, 62(4): 706-711. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01414
[44] Wong TY, McIntosh R. Hypertensive retinopathy signs as risk indicators of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality[J]. Br Med Bull, 2005, 73/74: 57-70. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldh050
[45] Sun C, Ladores C, Hong J, et al. Systemic hypertension associated retinal microvascular changes can be detected with optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 9580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66736-w
[46] Chua J, Chin CWL, Hong J, et al. Impact of hypertension on retinal capillary microvasculature using optical coherence tomographic angiography[J]. J Hypertens, 2019, 37(3): 572-580. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001916
[47] Chua J, Le TT, Sim YC, et al. Relationship of quantitative retinal capillary network and myocardial remodeling in systemic hypertension[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2022, 11(6): e024226. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024226
[48] Wang J, Jiang J, Zhang Y, et al. Retinal and choroidal vascular changes in coronary heart disease: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Biomed Opt Express, 2019, 10(4): 1532-1544. doi: 10.1364/BOE.10.001532
[49] Lange PS, Mihailovic N, Esser E, et al. Improvement of retinal microcirculation after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation-an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Diagnostics(Basel), 2021, 12(1): 38. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12010038
[50] Ross FJ, Arakaki LSL, Ciesielski WA, et al. Assessment of muscle oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2019, 29(8): 850-857. doi: 10.1111/pan.13668
[51] Li C, Zhong PT, Yuan HY, et al. Retinal microvasculature impairment in patients with congenital heart disease investigated by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2020, 48(9): 1219-1228. doi: 10.1111/ceo.13846
[52] Morales-Valero SF, Lanzino G. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: time to rethink our therapeutic options?[J]. Neurosurg Focus, 2014, 36(1): E2. doi: 10.3171/2013.10.FOCUS13389
[53] McCullough HK, Reinert CG, Hynan LS, et al. Ocular findings as predictors of carotid artery occlusive disease: is carotid imaging justified?[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 40(2): 279-286. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.05.004
[54] Cao L, Wang H, Kwapong WR, et al. Length of carotid plaque impacts retinal microvascular densities of carotid artery stenosis patients[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2023, 12(9): 3. doi: 10.1167/tvst.12.9.3
[55] Xu Q, Sun HY, Yi Q. Association between retinal microvascular metrics using optical coherence tomography angiography and carotid artery stenosis in a Chinese cohort[J]. Front Physiol, 2022, 13: 824646. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824646
[56] Li SQ, Zhao WJ, Jian TZ, et al. Quantitative assessment of retinochoroidal microvasculature in patients with carotid artery stenosis using OCT angiography[J]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2024, 46: 104082. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104082
[57] Lahme L, Marchiori E, Panuccio G, et al. Changes in retinal flow density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with carotid artery stenosis after carotid endarterectomy[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 17161. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35556-4
[58] Pierro L, Arrigo A, De Crescenzo M, et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography detects retinal perfusion changes in carotid artery stenosis[J]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 640666. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640666
[59] Virgo J, Mohamed M. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy following SARS-CoV-2 infection[J]. Eye(Lond), 2020, 34(12): 2352-2353. doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-1069-8
[60] Marinho PM, Marcos AAA, Romano AC, et al. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10237): 1610. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31014-X
[61] Abrishami M, Emamverdian Z, Shoeibi N, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of the retina in patients recovered from COVID-19: a case-control study[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2021, 56(1): 24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.11.006
[62] Chiosi F, Campagna G, Rinaldi M, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of vessel density indices in early post-COVID-19 patients[J]. Front Med(Lausanne), 2022, 9: 927121. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.927121
[63] Gao YZ, Zhang YF, Mou KF, et al. Assessment of alterations in the retina and vitreous in pre- and post-COVID-19 patients using swept-source optical coherence tomography and angiography: a comparative study[J]. J Med Virol, 2023, 95(10): e29168. doi: 10.1002/jmv.29168
[64] Dogan C, Gonen B, Dincer MT, et al. Evaluation of the reasons for the microvascular changes in patients with Fabry disease using optic coherence tomography angiography[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(6): 3231-3237. doi: 10.1177/1120672120974288
[65] Cennamo G, Di Maio LG, Montorio D, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in fabry disease[J]. J Clin Med, 2019, 8(4): 528. doi: 10.3390/jcm8040528
[66] Ustaoglu M, Onder F, Karapapak M, et al. Ophthalmic, systemic, and genetic characteristics of patients with Wolfram syndrome[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2020, 30(5): 1099-1105. doi: 10.1177/1120672119842489
[67] Battista M, Cascavilla ML, Grosso D, et al. Retinal vascular impairment in wolfram syndrome: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 2103. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06150-6
[68] Sampson DM, Dubis AM, Chen FK, et al. Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review[J]. Light Sci Appl, 2022, 11(1): 63. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00740-9
[69] Hormel TT, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 85: 100965. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965
[1] 朱明琼,李征,刘茹,田涛,彭婧利,吕倩怡,谭华霞. 基于OCT/OCTA的AI筛查系统在抗VEGF治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者效果评价中的应用[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2026, 40(1): 68-73.
[2] 潘佳煜,张春林. 急性低频感音神经性听力下降病因及发病机制的研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2025, 39(2): 126-131.
[3] 吴丽丽,曲毅. OCTA在病理性近视脉络膜新生血管应用及其在人工智能的研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2024, 38(2): 144-149.
[4] 王新钰,高丽芬,路晖,宋文琦,杨钰. 帕金森疾病的相关视网膜表现[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2024, 38(2): 156-162.
[5] 张晓晗,魏丽,杨凯莉,陈海燕,李彦松,王平. 中医辨证论治前后CSC患者OCTA变化及其与视力的相关性研究[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(5): 115-122.
[6] 金婧, 冷辉. SARS-CoV-2感染后嗅觉功能障碍治疗的研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(5): 162-174.
[7] 张华秀,刘琴,罗五根,杨健, 陈灵云. 新型颈托式受水器在外耳道冲洗中的临床应用效果研究[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(3): 7-10.
[8] 唐慧新,李景景,邹红. 阈值下微脉冲激光光凝作用机制及临床应用[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(3): 143-148.
[9] 李鹏伟,苏光明,刘江川,穆雅林. 光学相干断层扫描血管成像在2型黄斑毛细血管扩张症中的应用进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2023, 37(1): 140-144.
[10] 王娇娇,李苗宋宗明. 糖尿病视网膜病变的机制和细胞模型研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2022, 36(5): 93-99.
[11] 杨茹,张玉光,徐湘辉,吴雪莲,陶远,谭越. 超声乳化术对老年性白内障黄斑区视网膜结构影响的临床研究[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2022, 36(4): 97-102.
[12] 海玥,廖萱. Catquest-9SF的研究进展及临床应用[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2021, 35(6): 142-146.
[13] 张昕雨，雷春燕,张美霞. 运用OCT及OCTA观察硅油对视网膜脉络膜的影响[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2021, 35(5): 132-136.
[14] 王露萍黄映湘, 王艳玲. 眼缺血综合征研究进展[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2020, 34(4): 23-27.
[15] 陈芝文,程雷. 鼻呼出气一氧化氮的检测及临床应用[J]. 山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, 2019, 33(3): 124-128.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
网站版权所有 © 2018 《山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报》编辑部　
地址：山东省济南市山大南路27号（250100）电话：+86-0531-88366912 E-mail: ebhxb@sdu.edu.cn
本系统由北京玛格泰克科技发展有限公司设计开发